<p>In recent decades, there has been a resurgence of interest in earth-based materials, primarily because of the pursuit of alternatives to Portland cement in construction. Although these materials exhibit favorable performance characteristics, especially when stabilized with inorganic mineral binders such as geopolymers or even lime, some of their properties remain inadequately understood. Specifically, uncertainties persist regarding the performance of earthen bricks during emergencies, such as fires, and their feasibility as refractory materials for high-temperature applications. To this regard, this study focused on the durability of compressed earth blocks (CEB) stabilized with a geopolymer binder when exposed to high temperature. The CEBs were produced using lateritic soil (Kamboinsin quarry) and metakaolin (MK) obtained by calcining kaolinitic clay (Saaba) at 700&#xa0;°C. The soil-MK mixture was moistened according to the optimal rate determined by the Proctor test, with a ratio of 0.8 between the alkaline solution (12&#xa0;M) and the MK mass. CEBs stabilized with 10–20% geopolymer binder (CEB_G) were molded <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:(295\times\:140\times\:95\:{\text{m}\text{m}}^{3})\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> under 35&#xa0;bar pressure and compared to CEBs stabilized with 8% Portland cement (CEB_8C). When exposed to 300, 600, 900, and 1200&#xa0;°C (for 2&#xa0;h), their durability indicators (capillary/total water absorption, abrasion, and erosion resistance) were analyzed. The results show maximum accessible porosity at 900&#xa0;°C (+ 47% for CEB_10G vs. 64.42% for CEB_8C), followed by a decrease at 1200&#xa0;°C due to sintering. Maximum sorptivity was reached at 900&#xa0;°C (0.164 and 0.159&#xa0;g/cm².min<sup>1/2</sup> for CEB_10G and CEB_8C, respectively). The CEB_20G specimen exhibited the highest abrasion resistance (&gt; 7&#xa0;cm²/g, recommended threshold), whereas all CEBs showed erosion below 120&#xa0;mm/h. The performance-based approach confirmed the superior thermal stability of geopolymer-stabilized CEBs compared to cement-stabilized CEBs, validating their potential for demanding applications, including refractory uses. These results highlight the effectiveness of geopolymers as eco-friendly alternatives to cement in earthen materials.</p>

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High temperature exposure of metakaolin-geopolymer stabilized compressed earth blocks: durability and performance indicators

  • Kader Banaou Djibo,
  • Seick Omar Sore,
  • Philbert Nshimiyimana,
  • David Yao Akodenyon,
  • Adamah Messan

摘要

In recent decades, there has been a resurgence of interest in earth-based materials, primarily because of the pursuit of alternatives to Portland cement in construction. Although these materials exhibit favorable performance characteristics, especially when stabilized with inorganic mineral binders such as geopolymers or even lime, some of their properties remain inadequately understood. Specifically, uncertainties persist regarding the performance of earthen bricks during emergencies, such as fires, and their feasibility as refractory materials for high-temperature applications. To this regard, this study focused on the durability of compressed earth blocks (CEB) stabilized with a geopolymer binder when exposed to high temperature. The CEBs were produced using lateritic soil (Kamboinsin quarry) and metakaolin (MK) obtained by calcining kaolinitic clay (Saaba) at 700 °C. The soil-MK mixture was moistened according to the optimal rate determined by the Proctor test, with a ratio of 0.8 between the alkaline solution (12 M) and the MK mass. CEBs stabilized with 10–20% geopolymer binder (CEB_G) were molded \(\:(295\times\:140\times\:95\:{\text{m}\text{m}}^{3})\) under 35 bar pressure and compared to CEBs stabilized with 8% Portland cement (CEB_8C). When exposed to 300, 600, 900, and 1200 °C (for 2 h), their durability indicators (capillary/total water absorption, abrasion, and erosion resistance) were analyzed. The results show maximum accessible porosity at 900 °C (+ 47% for CEB_10G vs. 64.42% for CEB_8C), followed by a decrease at 1200 °C due to sintering. Maximum sorptivity was reached at 900 °C (0.164 and 0.159 g/cm².min1/2 for CEB_10G and CEB_8C, respectively). The CEB_20G specimen exhibited the highest abrasion resistance (> 7 cm²/g, recommended threshold), whereas all CEBs showed erosion below 120 mm/h. The performance-based approach confirmed the superior thermal stability of geopolymer-stabilized CEBs compared to cement-stabilized CEBs, validating their potential for demanding applications, including refractory uses. These results highlight the effectiveness of geopolymers as eco-friendly alternatives to cement in earthen materials.