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<p>Crack self-healing is a promising route to curb crack-induced transport, corrosion, and durability loss in cementitious materials, enabling service-life extension with minimal maintenance and compatibility with standard curing. This study quantifies how expanded perlite aggregate (EPA, internal curing), crystalline admixture (CA, chemical healing), and water-to-binder ratio (W/B) jointly affect three separate responses under standard curing: surface crack-healing rate, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and electrical resistivity. A Central Composite Design within response surface methodology was used to build second-order models for ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), electrical resistivity, and surface crack-healing rate. From 7 to 28 days, the average UPV, electrical resistivity, and surface crack-healing rate increased by about 7.5%, 27%, and 29.9% points, respectively. These results indicate progressive surface crack closure and are consistent with improved internal continuity and reduced pore connectivity. ANOVA showed strong model adequacy with <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{R}^{2}&gt;0.90\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, non-significant lack of fit, Adequate Precision &gt; 4, and coefficients of variation &lt; 10%. Factor effects were consistent and largely additive. W/B was the strongest negative driver for all responses. CA showed a positive effect on the measured responses, which may be associated with continued hydration and the deposition of crack-filling products. EPA provided moderate benefits by supplying internal curing water, although excessive EPA dosage tended to weaken the gains in UPV and resistivity. Multi-objective optimization using a composite desirability function selected low W/B, higher CA, and moderate EPA as the preferred region. The optimum coincided with W/B = 0.40, CA = 4%, and EPA = 1%, yielding a global desirability of 0.895. Five independent confirmation runs closely matched predictions, with individual errors generally below 6%. Beyond fitting, the work delivers validated predictive maps and a practical mix-design pathway that couples internal curing with CA-related healing effects to improve surface crack closure and transport-related indicators under standard curing, and provides mix-design guidance within the tested materials and curing conditions.</p>

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Coupled effects of expanded perlite aggregate, crystalline admixture, and water-binder ratio on surface crack closure and transport-related indicators: RSM modelling and optimisation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Yi Han,
  • Yan-Sheng Wang,
  • Junzhe Liu,
  • Guang-Zhu Zhang

摘要

Crack self-healing is a promising route to curb crack-induced transport, corrosion, and durability loss in cementitious materials, enabling service-life extension with minimal maintenance and compatibility with standard curing. This study quantifies how expanded perlite aggregate (EPA, internal curing), crystalline admixture (CA, chemical healing), and water-to-binder ratio (W/B) jointly affect three separate responses under standard curing: surface crack-healing rate, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and electrical resistivity. A Central Composite Design within response surface methodology was used to build second-order models for ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), electrical resistivity, and surface crack-healing rate. From 7 to 28 days, the average UPV, electrical resistivity, and surface crack-healing rate increased by about 7.5%, 27%, and 29.9% points, respectively. These results indicate progressive surface crack closure and are consistent with improved internal continuity and reduced pore connectivity. ANOVA showed strong model adequacy with \(\:{R}^{2}>0.90\) , non-significant lack of fit, Adequate Precision > 4, and coefficients of variation < 10%. Factor effects were consistent and largely additive. W/B was the strongest negative driver for all responses. CA showed a positive effect on the measured responses, which may be associated with continued hydration and the deposition of crack-filling products. EPA provided moderate benefits by supplying internal curing water, although excessive EPA dosage tended to weaken the gains in UPV and resistivity. Multi-objective optimization using a composite desirability function selected low W/B, higher CA, and moderate EPA as the preferred region. The optimum coincided with W/B = 0.40, CA = 4%, and EPA = 1%, yielding a global desirability of 0.895. Five independent confirmation runs closely matched predictions, with individual errors generally below 6%. Beyond fitting, the work delivers validated predictive maps and a practical mix-design pathway that couples internal curing with CA-related healing effects to improve surface crack closure and transport-related indicators under standard curing, and provides mix-design guidance within the tested materials and curing conditions.