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<p>The global shift toward sustainable bio-economies demands the development of high-performance alternatives to synthetic plastics. This study investigates the multi-scale engineering of sodium alginate (SA) films functionalized with Mediterranean essential oils (EOs): Orange (Citrus sinensis), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and Myrtle (Myrtus communis). A comprehensive characterization was conducted, integrating morphological (SEM), structural (XRD, ATR-FTIR), and optical (UV-Vis-NIR) analyses alongside mechanical and interfacial barrier evaluations. SEM and XRD revealed that EO integration induces significant microstructural rearrangements; notably, orange oil acted as a unique dual reinforcing-plasticizing agent, nearly tripling the tensile strength. (16.72 MPa) and doubling the elongation (60.77%) compared to pristine alginate-glycerol controls. ATR-FTIR confirmed strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and physical integration of hydrophobic terpenes within the saccharide backbone. Optical analysis identified a high band gap (Eg ≈ 5.5&#xa0;eV), positioning these films as technical biophotonic interfaces with superior UV-shielding capacity while maintaining high visible transparency. Surface analysis demonstrated an increase in hydrophobicity (Contact Angle up to 48°) and moderated Water Vapor Transmission Rates (WVTR), while CIE L*a*b* parameters confirmed the preservation of aesthetic clarity. Finally, the films exhibited potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy against nine pathogenic strains, including specialized marine and apicultural bacteria. These findings demonstrate that tailored Mediterranean bio-additives can transform alginate into a resilient, UV-protective, and bioactive interface, effectively bridging the performance gap between biodegradable matrices and petroleum-based.</p>

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From microstructure to macroscopic performance : morphological, mechanical, and optical analysis of alginate films modified by essential oils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Mohamed Noemen Tounsi,
  • Taissir Bettaher,
  • Montassar billeh Bouzourâa,
  • Dorra Ghorbel,
  • Ghazi Kassab

摘要

The global shift toward sustainable bio-economies demands the development of high-performance alternatives to synthetic plastics. This study investigates the multi-scale engineering of sodium alginate (SA) films functionalized with Mediterranean essential oils (EOs): Orange (Citrus sinensis), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and Myrtle (Myrtus communis). A comprehensive characterization was conducted, integrating morphological (SEM), structural (XRD, ATR-FTIR), and optical (UV-Vis-NIR) analyses alongside mechanical and interfacial barrier evaluations. SEM and XRD revealed that EO integration induces significant microstructural rearrangements; notably, orange oil acted as a unique dual reinforcing-plasticizing agent, nearly tripling the tensile strength. (16.72 MPa) and doubling the elongation (60.77%) compared to pristine alginate-glycerol controls. ATR-FTIR confirmed strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and physical integration of hydrophobic terpenes within the saccharide backbone. Optical analysis identified a high band gap (Eg ≈ 5.5 eV), positioning these films as technical biophotonic interfaces with superior UV-shielding capacity while maintaining high visible transparency. Surface analysis demonstrated an increase in hydrophobicity (Contact Angle up to 48°) and moderated Water Vapor Transmission Rates (WVTR), while CIE L*a*b* parameters confirmed the preservation of aesthetic clarity. Finally, the films exhibited potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy against nine pathogenic strains, including specialized marine and apicultural bacteria. These findings demonstrate that tailored Mediterranean bio-additives can transform alginate into a resilient, UV-protective, and bioactive interface, effectively bridging the performance gap between biodegradable matrices and petroleum-based.