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<p>Flexible thermoelectric generators (TEGs) featuring out-of-plane thermoelement architecture and operating without internal interconnects are essential for achieving efficient power generation. In this work, a flexible TEG is designed and fabricated featuring monolithically integrated <i>p</i>-type single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate composite films and <i>n</i>-type SWCNT films arranged in an out-of-plane configuration. This monolithic architecture eliminates the internal metallic interconnects, substantially reducing the internal resistance and enhancing the temperature gradient (Δ<i>T</i>) across the device. The thermoelectric films, prepared by vacuum filtration and drop-casting, exhibit Seebeck coefficients of 52.7 µV/°C for the <i>p</i>-type and − 42.1 µV/°C for the <i>n</i>-type films. Finite element analysis of the TEG confirmed a linear dependence of the open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i><sub><i>oc</i></sub>) on Δ<i>T</i>, consistent with theoretical predictions. The fabricated flexible TEG, consisting six <i>p</i>- and <i>n</i>-type thermoelement pairs, generated <i>V</i><sub><i>oc</i></sub> values approximately 3.48 mV and 14 mV under Δ<i>T</i> of 10.1&#xa0;°C and 30.6&#xa0;°C, respectively. Correspondingly, a maximum output power of approximately 1.6 µW and an areal power density of 0.9 µW/cm² was achieved by the TEG at a Δ<i>T</i> of 30.6&#xa0;°C. These findings demonstrate a simple and scalable route toward architecturally optimized flexible TEGs based on monolithically integrated thin-film thermoelements.</p>

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Design and fabrication of a flexible thermoelectric generator with out-of-plane thermoelement architecture

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Mohammed Nazibul Hasan,
  • Mohamed Sultan Mohamed Ali,
  • Laveet Kumar,
  • Anas Bsoul,
  • Asan G. A. Muthalif

摘要

Flexible thermoelectric generators (TEGs) featuring out-of-plane thermoelement architecture and operating without internal interconnects are essential for achieving efficient power generation. In this work, a flexible TEG is designed and fabricated featuring monolithically integrated p-type single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate composite films and n-type SWCNT films arranged in an out-of-plane configuration. This monolithic architecture eliminates the internal metallic interconnects, substantially reducing the internal resistance and enhancing the temperature gradient (ΔT) across the device. The thermoelectric films, prepared by vacuum filtration and drop-casting, exhibit Seebeck coefficients of 52.7 µV/°C for the p-type and − 42.1 µV/°C for the n-type films. Finite element analysis of the TEG confirmed a linear dependence of the open-circuit voltage (Voc) on ΔT, consistent with theoretical predictions. The fabricated flexible TEG, consisting six p- and n-type thermoelement pairs, generated Voc values approximately 3.48 mV and 14 mV under ΔT of 10.1 °C and 30.6 °C, respectively. Correspondingly, a maximum output power of approximately 1.6 µW and an areal power density of 0.9 µW/cm² was achieved by the TEG at a ΔT of 30.6 °C. These findings demonstrate a simple and scalable route toward architecturally optimized flexible TEGs based on monolithically integrated thin-film thermoelements.