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<p>Oxygen-deficient nanomaterials have emerged as a distinct class of functional materials that continue to attract extensive research interest due tothe presence of oxygen vacancies (OVs) and associated electronic structure modulation and broad technological relevance in catalysis, sensing, energy storage and conversion, and environmental remediation. This review provides a comprehensive examination of how different OVs preparation methods govern their formation, distribution, and stability, thereby dictating fundamental mechanisms in diverse nanostructured systems, with emphasis on the resulting structural distortions, electronic rearrangements, and defect–property correlations. Particular attention is devoted to advanced synthesis strategies designed to precisely and efficiently tailor vacancy concentration and distribution, as well as to state-of-the-art spectroscopic and microscopic methodologies enabling their quantitative and qualitative characterization. Furthermore, recent progress in the deployment of oxygen-deficient nanomaterials is evaluated in detail. Thermal and chemical reduction methods significantly increase the concentration of the vacancy and mixed-valence metal states, which enable enhanced electrical conductivity, redox properties and structural stability of the nanomaterials via excessive bulk defects.Plasma, laser, and electrochemical-assisted routes generate surface-localized OVs preferentially to serve as highly active catalytic sites during a wide range of catalytic reactions. However, non-stoichiometric type strategies, including high-energy particle bombardment and chemical vapour deposition, offer thermodynamically stable OVs engineering, compensating for the materials’ activity and durability.By integrating insights from synthesis, characterization, and application perspectives, this review seeks to provide a view that all the adopted methods regulate the charge-transfer kinetics and adsorption energetics by promoting metal-oxygen covalency and introducing donor states of the evolving landscape of oxygen-deficient nanomaterials in their multifunctional role in dictating performance, and their potential to inform the rational design of next-generation materials for sustainable technologies.</p>

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The significance of oxygen-deficient metal oxides based on their synthesis and applications perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Ammar Bin Yousaf,
  • Umme Hafsa,
  • Haseena Onthath,
  • Lenka Lorencova,
  • Jan Tkac,
  • Peter Kasak

摘要

Oxygen-deficient nanomaterials have emerged as a distinct class of functional materials that continue to attract extensive research interest due tothe presence of oxygen vacancies (OVs) and associated electronic structure modulation and broad technological relevance in catalysis, sensing, energy storage and conversion, and environmental remediation. This review provides a comprehensive examination of how different OVs preparation methods govern their formation, distribution, and stability, thereby dictating fundamental mechanisms in diverse nanostructured systems, with emphasis on the resulting structural distortions, electronic rearrangements, and defect–property correlations. Particular attention is devoted to advanced synthesis strategies designed to precisely and efficiently tailor vacancy concentration and distribution, as well as to state-of-the-art spectroscopic and microscopic methodologies enabling their quantitative and qualitative characterization. Furthermore, recent progress in the deployment of oxygen-deficient nanomaterials is evaluated in detail. Thermal and chemical reduction methods significantly increase the concentration of the vacancy and mixed-valence metal states, which enable enhanced electrical conductivity, redox properties and structural stability of the nanomaterials via excessive bulk defects.Plasma, laser, and electrochemical-assisted routes generate surface-localized OVs preferentially to serve as highly active catalytic sites during a wide range of catalytic reactions. However, non-stoichiometric type strategies, including high-energy particle bombardment and chemical vapour deposition, offer thermodynamically stable OVs engineering, compensating for the materials’ activity and durability.By integrating insights from synthesis, characterization, and application perspectives, this review seeks to provide a view that all the adopted methods regulate the charge-transfer kinetics and adsorption energetics by promoting metal-oxygen covalency and introducing donor states of the evolving landscape of oxygen-deficient nanomaterials in their multifunctional role in dictating performance, and their potential to inform the rational design of next-generation materials for sustainable technologies.