<p>Biopolymer-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising for safer, flexible energy-storage devices but typically show low room-temperature ionic conductivity. Here, we demonstrate glycerol-driven ion-transport enhancement in NaI-doped MC–dextran–sorbitol hosts reinforced with TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofiller. Films (MC/Dextran/Sorbitol = 50/30/20 wt.%) containing NaI (38 wt.%) and TiO<sub>2</sub> (3 wt.%) were solution-cast with graded glycerol plasticizer from 8 to 40 wt.%. FTIR verified polymer–salt complexation (ether-band downshifts) and stronger hydrogen-bond networks with increasing glycerol, while XRD showed a dominant amorphous halo without NaI crystalline reflections and retained anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> peaks. Glycerol systematically reduced crystallinity from 39.5% at 8 wt.% to 26.9% at 40 wt.% (near-linear trend, R2 ≈ 0.98), in tandem with marked electrochemical gains. Consequently, room-temperature DC ionic conductivity (σ<sub>DC</sub>) increased from 1.67 × 10⁻1⁰ S·cm⁻1 at 8 wt.% to 1.49 × 10⁻⁶ S·cm⁻1 at 40 wt.%, an ~ 8.9 × 103-fold enhancement. Dielectric analyses showed low-frequency ε′ rising from ~ 10 (8 wt.%) to ~ 1750 (40 wt.%), and the tan δ loss peak shifting toward higher frequencies (e.g., ~ 53.8 kHz at 40 wt.%), evidencing faster polarization dynamics. Modulus spectroscopy (M″ peaks) corroborated relaxation-time shortening from ~ 1591.5 µs (8 wt.%) to ~ 6.52 µs (40 wt.%), accompanied by increases in ionic mobility and diffusion coefficient. These findings highlight the synergistic roles of glycerol plasticization and TiO<sub>2</sub> reinforcement in promoting amorphization, salt dissociation, and efficient hopping-type conduction. The 40 wt.% glycerol composition delivers one of the highest σ<sub>DC</sub> values reported for this MC-based family, offering a viable route to high-performance Na-ion polymer electrolytes.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Glycerol-driven electrical ion transport enhancement in NaI-doped TiO₂/dextran–sorbitol polymer electrolytes

  • Abubakr Wsu Muhammed,
  • Ibrahim Nazem Qader,
  • Hazhar Hamad Rasul,
  • Shujahadeen Bakr Aziz,
  • Safar Saeed Mohammed,
  • Dlshad Aziz Hamid,
  • Karukh Ali Babakr,
  • Peshawa H. Mahmood,
  • Pshdar Ahmed Ibrahim,
  • Peyman Aspoukeh,
  • Hossein Khojasteh,
  • Bala Talib Ali,
  • Samir Mustafa Hamad

摘要

Biopolymer-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising for safer, flexible energy-storage devices but typically show low room-temperature ionic conductivity. Here, we demonstrate glycerol-driven ion-transport enhancement in NaI-doped MC–dextran–sorbitol hosts reinforced with TiO2 nanofiller. Films (MC/Dextran/Sorbitol = 50/30/20 wt.%) containing NaI (38 wt.%) and TiO2 (3 wt.%) were solution-cast with graded glycerol plasticizer from 8 to 40 wt.%. FTIR verified polymer–salt complexation (ether-band downshifts) and stronger hydrogen-bond networks with increasing glycerol, while XRD showed a dominant amorphous halo without NaI crystalline reflections and retained anatase TiO2 peaks. Glycerol systematically reduced crystallinity from 39.5% at 8 wt.% to 26.9% at 40 wt.% (near-linear trend, R2 ≈ 0.98), in tandem with marked electrochemical gains. Consequently, room-temperature DC ionic conductivity (σDC) increased from 1.67 × 10⁻1⁰ S·cm⁻1 at 8 wt.% to 1.49 × 10⁻⁶ S·cm⁻1 at 40 wt.%, an ~ 8.9 × 103-fold enhancement. Dielectric analyses showed low-frequency ε′ rising from ~ 10 (8 wt.%) to ~ 1750 (40 wt.%), and the tan δ loss peak shifting toward higher frequencies (e.g., ~ 53.8 kHz at 40 wt.%), evidencing faster polarization dynamics. Modulus spectroscopy (M″ peaks) corroborated relaxation-time shortening from ~ 1591.5 µs (8 wt.%) to ~ 6.52 µs (40 wt.%), accompanied by increases in ionic mobility and diffusion coefficient. These findings highlight the synergistic roles of glycerol plasticization and TiO2 reinforcement in promoting amorphization, salt dissociation, and efficient hopping-type conduction. The 40 wt.% glycerol composition delivers one of the highest σDC values reported for this MC-based family, offering a viable route to high-performance Na-ion polymer electrolytes.

Graphical Abstract