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<p>Carbon dots (C-Dots/CDs), a product of material science innovation, offer a versatile ‘one-for-all’ solution in modern medicine. C-Dots, with their distinctive advantages including ultrasmall size (&lt; 10&#xa0;nm), tunable fluorescence, high photostability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity, are well-suited for biomedical applications such as theranostics. These properties enable their use in personalised therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Despite these advantages, critical challenges such as optimizing synthesis parameters, resolving photoluminescence mechanisms, precisely tuning optical properties, and efficiently modifying surfaces hinder their seamless clinical translation. In this review, we systematically explore controlled design strategies of C-Dots, providing an integrated discussion that links synthesis methodologies, structural attributes, photophysical behavior, and surface modifications with their biomedical functions. Unlike several earlier reviews, we emphasize comparative assessment and highlight recent breakthroughs in bioimaging, biosensing, and theranostics. We conclude with a critical evaluation of research gaps and outline future directions necessary to bridge laboratory findings with clinical applications. This review aims to provide a clear roadmap for advancing carbon dots as a next-generation nanoplatform in biomedical science. It highlights the emerging trends, critical gaps, and future directions that may inspire and excite upcoming researchers in this field.</p>

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Shaping the fluorescent future of C-Dots to advance their role in biomedical applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Pratibha Pansari,
  • Tiwine Alice Phiri,
  • Geeta Durga

摘要

Carbon dots (C-Dots/CDs), a product of material science innovation, offer a versatile ‘one-for-all’ solution in modern medicine. C-Dots, with their distinctive advantages including ultrasmall size (< 10 nm), tunable fluorescence, high photostability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity, are well-suited for biomedical applications such as theranostics. These properties enable their use in personalised therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Despite these advantages, critical challenges such as optimizing synthesis parameters, resolving photoluminescence mechanisms, precisely tuning optical properties, and efficiently modifying surfaces hinder their seamless clinical translation. In this review, we systematically explore controlled design strategies of C-Dots, providing an integrated discussion that links synthesis methodologies, structural attributes, photophysical behavior, and surface modifications with their biomedical functions. Unlike several earlier reviews, we emphasize comparative assessment and highlight recent breakthroughs in bioimaging, biosensing, and theranostics. We conclude with a critical evaluation of research gaps and outline future directions necessary to bridge laboratory findings with clinical applications. This review aims to provide a clear roadmap for advancing carbon dots as a next-generation nanoplatform in biomedical science. It highlights the emerging trends, critical gaps, and future directions that may inspire and excite upcoming researchers in this field.