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<p>A green nanocomposite hydrogel was developed for photocatalytic dye degradation and wastewater treatment. Graphene oxide (GO) was obtained from discarded dry-cell batteries through electrochemical exfoliation and subsequently reduced using an aqueous extract of Asparagus officinalis (AO) under hydrothermal conditions to form reduced graphene oxide (rGO). At the same time, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using the same plant extract via a sonication-assisted green route. The rGO and AgNPs were integrated and hydrothermally processed to yield an rGO–Ag nanocomposite, which was incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CS) matrix through dual chemical/physical crosslinking. The resulting PVA/CS/rGO–Ag nanocomposite hydrogel exhibited enhanced mechanical strength, high swelling capacity, and excellent sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity, achieving 86.36% degradation of Methylene blue (MB) and 79.06% of Congo red (CR) with rate constants of 0.00976 and 0.00767&#xa0;min<sup>–1</sup>. These findings demonstrate a sustainable approach that converts waste materials into high-value photocatalysts and provides an environmentally friendly pathway for developing efficient hydrogel-based systems for dye removal and wastewater purification.</p>

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Green-synthesized rGO–Ag nanocomposite hydrogel based on a PVA/CS matrix for sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of industrial dyes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Hassan Mahmoodi Esfanddarani,
  • Mrutyunjay Panigrahi

摘要

A green nanocomposite hydrogel was developed for photocatalytic dye degradation and wastewater treatment. Graphene oxide (GO) was obtained from discarded dry-cell batteries through electrochemical exfoliation and subsequently reduced using an aqueous extract of Asparagus officinalis (AO) under hydrothermal conditions to form reduced graphene oxide (rGO). At the same time, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using the same plant extract via a sonication-assisted green route. The rGO and AgNPs were integrated and hydrothermally processed to yield an rGO–Ag nanocomposite, which was incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CS) matrix through dual chemical/physical crosslinking. The resulting PVA/CS/rGO–Ag nanocomposite hydrogel exhibited enhanced mechanical strength, high swelling capacity, and excellent sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity, achieving 86.36% degradation of Methylene blue (MB) and 79.06% of Congo red (CR) with rate constants of 0.00976 and 0.00767 min–1. These findings demonstrate a sustainable approach that converts waste materials into high-value photocatalysts and provides an environmentally friendly pathway for developing efficient hydrogel-based systems for dye removal and wastewater purification.