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<p>As Paris Agreement targets for carbon emission reduction and net-zero commitments by 2070, the development of low-carbon alternatives to Portland cement (PC) that maintain structural performance is imperative. This study investigates the mechanical, durability, and environmental performance of a ternary alkali-activated concrete (AAC) incorporating fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and calcium carbide residue (CCR) as binder constituents. A systematic parametric study was performed to optimise alkaline activator composition, molarity, source material proportioning, curing age, and curing regime conditions. The optimised AAC mix comprising 60% fly ash, 20% slag, and 20% CCR achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 38.3&#xa0;MPa, exceeding that of the corresponding M30-grade PC concrete by 1.2%. After one year of exposure to sulphuric acid solution, the AAC retained approximately 62% of its initial compressive strength, compared with 44% strength retention for PC concrete, indicating superior resistance to acidic environment. Reduced sorptivity and improved resistance to sulphate and chloride ingress further confirmed the development of a dense and low-permeability matrix. Microstructural investigations revealed the coexistence of C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels, arising from the synergistic interaction between CaO-rich CCR and aluminosilicate-rich fly ash and slag, which underpinned the enhanced performance. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment, based on a functional unit of 1&#xa0;m³ of concrete, showed a 60.6% reduction in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions relative to PC concrete due to the elimination of clinker-based cement. These results demonstrate that CCR-based ternary AAC is a structurally viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional cement concrete.</p>

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Engineering and Environmental performance of ternary blends of Industrial Waste for Sustainable concrete Infrastructure

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Abhishek Chanda,
  • Sonal Thakkar

摘要

As Paris Agreement targets for carbon emission reduction and net-zero commitments by 2070, the development of low-carbon alternatives to Portland cement (PC) that maintain structural performance is imperative. This study investigates the mechanical, durability, and environmental performance of a ternary alkali-activated concrete (AAC) incorporating fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and calcium carbide residue (CCR) as binder constituents. A systematic parametric study was performed to optimise alkaline activator composition, molarity, source material proportioning, curing age, and curing regime conditions. The optimised AAC mix comprising 60% fly ash, 20% slag, and 20% CCR achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 38.3 MPa, exceeding that of the corresponding M30-grade PC concrete by 1.2%. After one year of exposure to sulphuric acid solution, the AAC retained approximately 62% of its initial compressive strength, compared with 44% strength retention for PC concrete, indicating superior resistance to acidic environment. Reduced sorptivity and improved resistance to sulphate and chloride ingress further confirmed the development of a dense and low-permeability matrix. Microstructural investigations revealed the coexistence of C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels, arising from the synergistic interaction between CaO-rich CCR and aluminosilicate-rich fly ash and slag, which underpinned the enhanced performance. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment, based on a functional unit of 1 m³ of concrete, showed a 60.6% reduction in CO2 emissions relative to PC concrete due to the elimination of clinker-based cement. These results demonstrate that CCR-based ternary AAC is a structurally viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional cement concrete.