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<p>The growing demand for sustainable and effective cancer treatments has intensified interest in biocompatible nanomaterials. This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of carbon dots (CDs) derived from <i>Elaeis guineensis</i> leaves using a one-step pyrolysis method at 300&#xa0;°C. The resulting CDs were uniformly spherical with an average size of 3.18 ± 0.81&#xa0;nm and exhibited blue fluorescence, with peak emission at 420&#xa0;nm upon 320&#xa0;nm excitation. Structural analysis revealed a mix of crystalline and amorphous regions, and the CDs showed moderate colloidal stability (zeta potential − 28.23 ± 0.84 mV). FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oxygen-rich functional groups and an absorption maximum at 283&#xa0;nm, with a quantum yield of 9.46%. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated selective toxicity toward HeLa cervical cancer cells while sparing HS27 normal fibroblasts. Under white LED light, cytotoxicity was enhanced, reducing the IC50 to 468.1&#xa0;µg/mL. Mechanistic studies indicated that photoactivated CDs induced oxidative stress, caspase 3-mediated apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and S phases. These findings suggest that <i>E. guineensis</i>-derived CDs are promising, eco-friendly candidates for photodynamic cancer therapy.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Green synthesis of carbon dots from agro-waste Elaeis guineensis dry leaves via pyrolysis for cells cytotoxicity: anticancer potential and mechanistic insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月27日

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  • Hui Jing Hong,
  • Sreenivasan Sasidharan

摘要

The growing demand for sustainable and effective cancer treatments has intensified interest in biocompatible nanomaterials. This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of carbon dots (CDs) derived from Elaeis guineensis leaves using a one-step pyrolysis method at 300 °C. The resulting CDs were uniformly spherical with an average size of 3.18 ± 0.81 nm and exhibited blue fluorescence, with peak emission at 420 nm upon 320 nm excitation. Structural analysis revealed a mix of crystalline and amorphous regions, and the CDs showed moderate colloidal stability (zeta potential − 28.23 ± 0.84 mV). FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oxygen-rich functional groups and an absorption maximum at 283 nm, with a quantum yield of 9.46%. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated selective toxicity toward HeLa cervical cancer cells while sparing HS27 normal fibroblasts. Under white LED light, cytotoxicity was enhanced, reducing the IC50 to 468.1 µg/mL. Mechanistic studies indicated that photoactivated CDs induced oxidative stress, caspase 3-mediated apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and S phases. These findings suggest that E. guineensis-derived CDs are promising, eco-friendly candidates for photodynamic cancer therapy.

Graphical abstract