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<p>The daily use of tetracycline antibiotics in human and animal practices has led to the accumulation of drug residues in food products, potentially fostering the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study introduces the synthesis and the characterization of a fast and ultra-sensitive nanoprobe designed for label-free detection of tetracycline hydrochloride (TET) as per se and in milk samples. The nanoprobe was synthesized using graphene oxide (GO) via a simple hydrothermal procedure. Plackett-Burman (PB) design was applied to adjust process parameters over two phases: synthesis and analysis. In the synthesis rehearsal, the objective was set to maximize the quantum yield (%QY) of the graphene quantum dots (GQDs). In this itinerary, GQDs with a %QY of 12.89% were obtained using acetonitrile as a solvent at 200 ℃ for 4&#xa0;h. GQDs exhibited strong fluorescence with excitation and emission wavelengths of 330&#xa0;nm and 407&#xa0;nm, respectively. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of uniform spherical GQDs with a particle size of 1.95 ± 0.32&#xa0;nm. FT-IR revealed the existence of different moieties on the GQDs, including C–H bending, C = C stretching, and C–O bonds. The prepared fluorescent probe demonstrated high selectivity for TET over other antibiotics and metal ions. For the analysis phase, objective was set as maximum fluorescence quenching (%Q). TET detection sensitivity was maximized using contact time of only 120&#xa0;s, pH 9.0, and at 55℃. A multilinear calibration curve was obtained within the range of 0.69–23.99 µM TET, with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.015 µM.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Smart fluorescence graphene quantum dot-based on-off sensor for tracing antibiotic residues in milk

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月8日

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  • Ahmed S. El-Shafie,
  • Sumyah Hassan,
  • Saeed Al-Meer,
  • Khalid Al-Saad,
  • Marwa El-Azazy

摘要

The daily use of tetracycline antibiotics in human and animal practices has led to the accumulation of drug residues in food products, potentially fostering the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study introduces the synthesis and the characterization of a fast and ultra-sensitive nanoprobe designed for label-free detection of tetracycline hydrochloride (TET) as per se and in milk samples. The nanoprobe was synthesized using graphene oxide (GO) via a simple hydrothermal procedure. Plackett-Burman (PB) design was applied to adjust process parameters over two phases: synthesis and analysis. In the synthesis rehearsal, the objective was set to maximize the quantum yield (%QY) of the graphene quantum dots (GQDs). In this itinerary, GQDs with a %QY of 12.89% were obtained using acetonitrile as a solvent at 200 ℃ for 4 h. GQDs exhibited strong fluorescence with excitation and emission wavelengths of 330 nm and 407 nm, respectively. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of uniform spherical GQDs with a particle size of 1.95 ± 0.32 nm. FT-IR revealed the existence of different moieties on the GQDs, including C–H bending, C = C stretching, and C–O bonds. The prepared fluorescent probe demonstrated high selectivity for TET over other antibiotics and metal ions. For the analysis phase, objective was set as maximum fluorescence quenching (%Q). TET detection sensitivity was maximized using contact time of only 120 s, pH 9.0, and at 55℃. A multilinear calibration curve was obtained within the range of 0.69–23.99 µM TET, with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.015 µM.

Graphical abstract