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<p>Biocompatible, conductive hydrogels with adjustable mechanical properties, high electrical conductivity, and excellent biocompatibility play a crucial role in developing bioelectronics, wearable, and flexible sensors. Hydrogel-based wearable devices have vast potential applications for observing and tracking human movement and health. The advancements in various applications, such as soft robotics, electronic skins, and sensors, have made it possible to develop conductive hydrogels with various functions. However, creating wearable sensors that are effective in wet or submerged conditions while ensuring biosafety remains a challenging task. This is mainly due to the fact that water molecules can weaken or even nullify specific properties of the hydrogel. Developing wearable hydrogel-based devices that exhibit high conductivity, self-healing properties, injectability, adhesion, mechanical strength, elasticity, and responsiveness to stimuli is an immense challenge that requires significant breakthroughs. In this work, we developed a conductive composite hydrogel composed of sodium alginate (SA), cashew gum (CG), and PPy-PDA particles. This hydrogel has remarkable flexibility and injectability, offering a stress-strain of 0.0109&#xa0;kPa, an elongation of 594%, a conductivity of 5.92 × 10<sup>−4</sup> S/cm, and GF 15.39. The presence of multiple hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions improves the adhesion, self-healing properties, and injectability of the prepared hydrogel. This skin-like sensor made by a simple injection molding procedure was able to detect precise signals from human movements.</p>

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A multifunctional self-healing underwater adhesive and injectable conductive composite hydrogel designed for flexible strain sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月16日

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  • Ghazaleh Mirzaei,
  • Akbar Mirzaei,
  • Shahrzad Javanshir

摘要

Biocompatible, conductive hydrogels with adjustable mechanical properties, high electrical conductivity, and excellent biocompatibility play a crucial role in developing bioelectronics, wearable, and flexible sensors. Hydrogel-based wearable devices have vast potential applications for observing and tracking human movement and health. The advancements in various applications, such as soft robotics, electronic skins, and sensors, have made it possible to develop conductive hydrogels with various functions. However, creating wearable sensors that are effective in wet or submerged conditions while ensuring biosafety remains a challenging task. This is mainly due to the fact that water molecules can weaken or even nullify specific properties of the hydrogel. Developing wearable hydrogel-based devices that exhibit high conductivity, self-healing properties, injectability, adhesion, mechanical strength, elasticity, and responsiveness to stimuli is an immense challenge that requires significant breakthroughs. In this work, we developed a conductive composite hydrogel composed of sodium alginate (SA), cashew gum (CG), and PPy-PDA particles. This hydrogel has remarkable flexibility and injectability, offering a stress-strain of 0.0109 kPa, an elongation of 594%, a conductivity of 5.92 × 10−4 S/cm, and GF 15.39. The presence of multiple hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions improves the adhesion, self-healing properties, and injectability of the prepared hydrogel. This skin-like sensor made by a simple injection molding procedure was able to detect precise signals from human movements.