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<p>Contamination of water by dyes not only poses a threat to aquatic life but also to human health. Dyes can potentially cause various diseases and disorders upon consumption or prolonged exposure. To address this issue, novel cross-linked Hexa-chlorocyclotriphosphazene-co-phloroglucinol based microspheres (Hexa-CCPPGs) were synthesized using a precipitation polymerization technique. In this reaction, Hexa-chlorocyclotriphosphazene (Hexa-CCP) was cross-linked with phloroglucinol (PG) in the presence of tri-ethylene amine (TEA) as an acid acceptor. The structure of the Hexa-CCPPGs microspheres was confirmed by the FT-IR investigation. Advanced techniques, including PXRD, TGA, SEM, and EDX, were used to determine other characteristics and properties of the microspheres. The microspheres' efficiency as a new sorbent for removing Rhodamine 6G (RM-6G) dye was evaluated in a simulated solution. The microspheres showed an unprecedentedly high percentage of removal, reaching 95.6% for RM-6G. The best results were obtained at experimental conditions of 25&#xa0;°C, a dose of 50&#xa0;mg of Hexa-CCPPGs, a concentration of 30&#xa0;ppm of RM-6G, a volume of 20&#xa0;mL of RM-6G solution, pH value 8, and contact time of 60&#xa0;min. According to the findings of the kinetic and adsorption investigations, the PSO (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999) and the Langmuir adsorption model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999) were found to be the most effective models for explaining the data from experiments. These results validated the mono-layered adsorption of RM-6G onto the Hexa-CCPPGs. According to the thermodynamic analysis, Hexa-CCPPGs were shown to be an essentially spontaneous and endothermic method of removing RM-6G. The reusability of Hexa-CCPPG3 was outstanding, as it showed just a 2.6% drop in performance after five cycles. This result validates the material's efficiency and cost-effectiveness for repeated use. The Hex-CCPPG3 microspheres, enriched with hydroxyl groups, exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity, achieving a 99.3% ± 0.7% killing ratio against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and a 67% ± 7.2% killing rate against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>). These findings highlight their potential as an effective antimicrobial agent.</p>

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Cross-linked Hexa-chlorocyclotriphosphazene-co-phloroglucinol based microspheres: a dual-action approach for water purification and infection control

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • Sahid Mehmood,
  • Fazal Haq,
  • Farman Ali,
  • Irum Rafique,
  • Safia Haider,
  • Zaijun Lu

摘要

Contamination of water by dyes not only poses a threat to aquatic life but also to human health. Dyes can potentially cause various diseases and disorders upon consumption or prolonged exposure. To address this issue, novel cross-linked Hexa-chlorocyclotriphosphazene-co-phloroglucinol based microspheres (Hexa-CCPPGs) were synthesized using a precipitation polymerization technique. In this reaction, Hexa-chlorocyclotriphosphazene (Hexa-CCP) was cross-linked with phloroglucinol (PG) in the presence of tri-ethylene amine (TEA) as an acid acceptor. The structure of the Hexa-CCPPGs microspheres was confirmed by the FT-IR investigation. Advanced techniques, including PXRD, TGA, SEM, and EDX, were used to determine other characteristics and properties of the microspheres. The microspheres' efficiency as a new sorbent for removing Rhodamine 6G (RM-6G) dye was evaluated in a simulated solution. The microspheres showed an unprecedentedly high percentage of removal, reaching 95.6% for RM-6G. The best results were obtained at experimental conditions of 25 °C, a dose of 50 mg of Hexa-CCPPGs, a concentration of 30 ppm of RM-6G, a volume of 20 mL of RM-6G solution, pH value 8, and contact time of 60 min. According to the findings of the kinetic and adsorption investigations, the PSO (R2 = 0.999) and the Langmuir adsorption model (R2 = 0.999) were found to be the most effective models for explaining the data from experiments. These results validated the mono-layered adsorption of RM-6G onto the Hexa-CCPPGs. According to the thermodynamic analysis, Hexa-CCPPGs were shown to be an essentially spontaneous and endothermic method of removing RM-6G. The reusability of Hexa-CCPPG3 was outstanding, as it showed just a 2.6% drop in performance after five cycles. This result validates the material's efficiency and cost-effectiveness for repeated use. The Hex-CCPPG3 microspheres, enriched with hydroxyl groups, exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity, achieving a 99.3% ± 0.7% killing ratio against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and a 67% ± 7.2% killing rate against Escherichia coli (E. coli). These findings highlight their potential as an effective antimicrobial agent.