<p>Bamboo is a natural composite that has inspired the design of biomimetic composites due to its unique multi-scale structure and outstanding mechanical properties. This paper first presents the structural features of bamboo, detailing the hydrophobic wax and silica layer of the surface, the functionally graded vascular bundles of the wall for optimized toughness, and the hollow, multi-node architecture of the stem for overall stability and bending resistance. Subsequently, this study surveys recent sustainability and designability advances in bamboo-inspired composites. Inspiration from the bamboo surface has spurred the creation of materials with enhanced functionalities, such as transparent composites and high-stiffness structural materials. Imitation of the wall structure has led to the development of high-strength and tough materials, with the discussion covering examples such as hydrogels, polymer composites, and metal-matrix composites. Inspiration from the stem structure has yielded lightweight composites with excellent energy absorption and stability, exemplified by advanced linear materials like resilient yarns and tendon sutures, as well as functional structures like flexible sensors. These biomimetic designs show significant potential across numerous fields, including construction, healthcare, urban rail transit, wearable electronics, and mechanical engineering. Finally, this paper discusses the current limitations and challenges to understanding bamboo’s structural characteristics towards the development of bamboo-inspired composites. Future research directions are proposed, including understanding bamboo’s structure, designing novel biomimetic composites, and optimizing their structure to develop bamboo-inspired functional materials.</p>