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<p><i>Xanthomonas euvesicatoria</i> is a major causal agent of bacterial spot of pepper, a disease that poses increasing challenges to sustainable crop production under changing climatic conditions. Despite the long-standing presence of bacterial spot in Italy, little is known about the genomic and phenotypic diversity of <i>X. euvesicatoria</i> populations affecting pepper. In this study 25 <i>X. euvesicatoria</i> strains isolated from symptomatic pepper plants collected in southern and central Italy between 1991 and 2003 were characterized using an integrated genomic and phenotypic approach. Whole-genome sequencing followed by core genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that Italian strains are distributed across multiple globally distributed lineages, indicating high genetic diversity despite their narrow geographic origin. Pathogenicity assays identified seven distinct pepper races (P1, P2, P3, P7, P8, P9, and P10), highlighting substantial race diversity within the population. Type III secretion effector profiling revealed a highly conserved core effector repertoire shared among all strains, accompanied by limited variation in a small subset of effectors. Phenotypic assays showed widespread sensitivity to copper and streptomycin, with only two strains exhibiting copper tolerance, while approximately half of the strains displayed amylolytic activity and none exhibited pectolytic activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate high genomic and race diversity but relatively limited resistance to copper and streptomycin, emphasizing the need for integrated management strategies that combine effectorinformed resistance breeding, careful copper stewardship, and continued genomic surveillance of <i>X. euvesicatoria</i> populations in the Mediterranean area.</p>

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Genomic and phenotypic diversity of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains associated with bacterial spot of pepper in southern Italy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Aastha Subedi,
  • Daniele Schiavi,
  • Gerald V. Minsavage,
  • Erica M. Goss,
  • Roberto Buonaurio,
  • Nicola Sante Iacobellis,
  • Jeff B. Jones,
  • Giorgio Mariano Balestra

摘要

Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is a major causal agent of bacterial spot of pepper, a disease that poses increasing challenges to sustainable crop production under changing climatic conditions. Despite the long-standing presence of bacterial spot in Italy, little is known about the genomic and phenotypic diversity of X. euvesicatoria populations affecting pepper. In this study 25 X. euvesicatoria strains isolated from symptomatic pepper plants collected in southern and central Italy between 1991 and 2003 were characterized using an integrated genomic and phenotypic approach. Whole-genome sequencing followed by core genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that Italian strains are distributed across multiple globally distributed lineages, indicating high genetic diversity despite their narrow geographic origin. Pathogenicity assays identified seven distinct pepper races (P1, P2, P3, P7, P8, P9, and P10), highlighting substantial race diversity within the population. Type III secretion effector profiling revealed a highly conserved core effector repertoire shared among all strains, accompanied by limited variation in a small subset of effectors. Phenotypic assays showed widespread sensitivity to copper and streptomycin, with only two strains exhibiting copper tolerance, while approximately half of the strains displayed amylolytic activity and none exhibited pectolytic activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate high genomic and race diversity but relatively limited resistance to copper and streptomycin, emphasizing the need for integrated management strategies that combine effectorinformed resistance breeding, careful copper stewardship, and continued genomic surveillance of X. euvesicatoria populations in the Mediterranean area.