<p>The bacterial leaf blight of rice is caused by a group of harmful bacteria known as <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> (<i>Xoo</i>). We analyzed the chemical composition of wood vinegar using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, which revealed that wood vinegar promotes the germination and seedling growth of rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) seeds, increases the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in rice seedlings, and enhances root vigor. To investigate the inhibition mechanism of wood vinegar against <i>Xoo</i>, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration and the bactericidal kinetic curve. The results indicated that treatment with wood vinegar could result in a 75% rupture of <i>Xoo</i> cells, a decrease in membrane potential, and a reduction in intracellular adenosine triphosphate, nucleic acids, proteins, and xanthomonadin content, as well as inhibition of biofilm synthesis. Treating rice affected by leaf blight with wood vinegar resulted in increased soluble protein and soluble sugar content, enhanced activity of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and a decreased level of malondialdehyde in the seedlings. According to the study, a 200-fold dilution of wood vinegar was particularly effective in promoting rice development, suppressing <i>Xoo</i>, and preventing rice leaf blight.</p>