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<p>Iron-doped Carbon-based nanoparticles (Fe-CBNs) are emerging as highly versatile platforms for precision oncology by integrating catalytic, magnetic, optical, and immunomodulatory functions within a single construct. This review first outlines the fundamentals of Fe incorporation into graphitic and amorphous carbon matrices, emphasizing how iron speciation, heteroatom (e.g., N) co-doping, and carbon architecture tune electronic structure, surface polarity, and redox microenvironments. We then survey key synthetic routes, including biomass pyrolysis, plasma, sol–gel, chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal and microwave-assisted methods that afford precise control over core–shell morphology, pore structure, and Fe–N–C active sites. These structural attributes underpin unique properties relevant to cancer therapy including enhanced Fenton/Fenton-like catalysis for chemodynamic therapy, efficient near-infrared photothermal conversion, robust magnetic responsiveness for targeting and hyperthermia, high drug-loading capacity, and multimodal MRI/fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging. Mechanistic sections detail how Fe-CBNs exploit the acidic, H₂O₂-rich tumor microenvironment to generate reactive oxygen species, trigger ferroptosis and apoptosis, and amplify heat-induced cytotoxicity under alternating magnetic fields or light irradiation. We further describe their roles as smart drug carriers, and as immunomodulators that repolarize tumor-associated macrophages, inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and synergize with chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade. Finally, we discuss translational challenges and future opportunities, including stimuli-responsive and ligand-targeted designs, logic-gated therapeutic cascades, and machine-learning-guided materials optimization. The evidence positions Fe-CBNs as promising next-generation theranostic nanoplatforms capable of uniting chemodynamic therapy, photothermal/photodynamic and magnetic hyperthermia, ferroptosis induction, drug delivery, immunotherapy, and image guidance within integrated, patient-tailored cancer treatments.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Iron-doped carbon-based nanoparticles: emerging strategies in cancer therapeutics

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月5日

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  • Saeedeh Zare Jalise,
  • Elham Mahmoudi,
  • Mohsen Sheykhhasan,
  • Ilnaz Rahimmanesh,
  • Cheng Chong,
  • Heemin Kang,
  • Jianliang Shen,
  • Mohsen Adeli,
  • Pooyan Makvandi

摘要

Iron-doped Carbon-based nanoparticles (Fe-CBNs) are emerging as highly versatile platforms for precision oncology by integrating catalytic, magnetic, optical, and immunomodulatory functions within a single construct. This review first outlines the fundamentals of Fe incorporation into graphitic and amorphous carbon matrices, emphasizing how iron speciation, heteroatom (e.g., N) co-doping, and carbon architecture tune electronic structure, surface polarity, and redox microenvironments. We then survey key synthetic routes, including biomass pyrolysis, plasma, sol–gel, chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal and microwave-assisted methods that afford precise control over core–shell morphology, pore structure, and Fe–N–C active sites. These structural attributes underpin unique properties relevant to cancer therapy including enhanced Fenton/Fenton-like catalysis for chemodynamic therapy, efficient near-infrared photothermal conversion, robust magnetic responsiveness for targeting and hyperthermia, high drug-loading capacity, and multimodal MRI/fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging. Mechanistic sections detail how Fe-CBNs exploit the acidic, H₂O₂-rich tumor microenvironment to generate reactive oxygen species, trigger ferroptosis and apoptosis, and amplify heat-induced cytotoxicity under alternating magnetic fields or light irradiation. We further describe their roles as smart drug carriers, and as immunomodulators that repolarize tumor-associated macrophages, inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and synergize with chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade. Finally, we discuss translational challenges and future opportunities, including stimuli-responsive and ligand-targeted designs, logic-gated therapeutic cascades, and machine-learning-guided materials optimization. The evidence positions Fe-CBNs as promising next-generation theranostic nanoplatforms capable of uniting chemodynamic therapy, photothermal/photodynamic and magnetic hyperthermia, ferroptosis induction, drug delivery, immunotherapy, and image guidance within integrated, patient-tailored cancer treatments.

Graphical Abstract