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<p>Photocatalytic hydrogen production offers a sustainable and innovative solution to address environmental challenges and global energy shortages by leveraging solar energy. Developing highly efficient photocatalysts is pivotal for advancing photocatalysis technology and facilitating its practical applications. In this study, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>X</i></sub> MXene was used as a precursor of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles coated with a carbon/nitrogen (C/N) shell for photocatalytic hydrogen generation under simulated solar light. The fabrication strategy was based on a straightforward one-step annealing process. The photoactivity of the sample was optimized through the following: (1) tuning the ratio of precursors MXene to gCN calcinated in the air at 550&#xa0;°C, and (2) controlling the temperature of the annealing process of the sample, which indicated the most outstanding hydrogen evolution yield in strategy 1° (MXene:gCN = 1:19). The optimized sample, C/N@TiO<sub>2</sub>, demonstrated an exceptional H<sub>2</sub> production rate of 37.66&#xa0;mmol/g (37,660&#xa0;µmol/g), approximately 655 times and 37 times higher than those of gCN (57&#xa0;µmol/g) and TiO<sub>2</sub> derived from pristine MXene (1024&#xa0;µmol/g), respectively. This remarkable photocatalytic performance is attributed to the formation of a carbon/nitrogen (C/N) shell, which made TiO<sub>2</sub> extraordinarily robust in the experimental conditions, promoting charge separation, suppressing electron–hole recombination, and enhancing visible light absorption. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the C/N layer serves as an electron-rich active site, further promoting efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation. This study provides a facile and cost-effective pathway to advancing green hydrogen production technologies. The findings underscore the potential of photocatalytic systems for sustainable energy development, paving the way for scalable renewable energy solutions.&#xa0;</p>

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MXene-derived TiO2 nanoparticles coated with C/N shell for photocatalytic hydrogen generation under solar light

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月8日

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  • Daria Baranowska,
  • Bartosz Środa,
  • Tomasz Kędzierski,
  • Zhang Bowen,
  • Liu Xiaoguang,
  • Ewa Mijowska,
  • Beata Zielińska

摘要

Photocatalytic hydrogen production offers a sustainable and innovative solution to address environmental challenges and global energy shortages by leveraging solar energy. Developing highly efficient photocatalysts is pivotal for advancing photocatalysis technology and facilitating its practical applications. In this study, Ti3C2TX MXene was used as a precursor of TiO2 nanoparticles coated with a carbon/nitrogen (C/N) shell for photocatalytic hydrogen generation under simulated solar light. The fabrication strategy was based on a straightforward one-step annealing process. The photoactivity of the sample was optimized through the following: (1) tuning the ratio of precursors MXene to gCN calcinated in the air at 550 °C, and (2) controlling the temperature of the annealing process of the sample, which indicated the most outstanding hydrogen evolution yield in strategy 1° (MXene:gCN = 1:19). The optimized sample, C/N@TiO2, demonstrated an exceptional H2 production rate of 37.66 mmol/g (37,660 µmol/g), approximately 655 times and 37 times higher than those of gCN (57 µmol/g) and TiO2 derived from pristine MXene (1024 µmol/g), respectively. This remarkable photocatalytic performance is attributed to the formation of a carbon/nitrogen (C/N) shell, which made TiO2 extraordinarily robust in the experimental conditions, promoting charge separation, suppressing electron–hole recombination, and enhancing visible light absorption. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the C/N layer serves as an electron-rich active site, further promoting efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation. This study provides a facile and cost-effective pathway to advancing green hydrogen production technologies. The findings underscore the potential of photocatalytic systems for sustainable energy development, paving the way for scalable renewable energy solutions.