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<p>Numerical simulation is widely used to support environmental management, yet selecting an appropriate open-source water quality model remains challenging. This study evaluates the performance of two widely used models, HEC-RAS and QUAL2Kw, in simulating water quality in the Cikakembang River. Calibration and verification were conducted using observed data from both the rainy and dry seasons. Model performance was assessed using Percent Bias (PBIAS, %) for three organic parameters: Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Ammonium (NH₄). During calibration, HEC-RAS yielded an absolute PBIAS of 7.87% for NH₄, while QUAL2Kw yielded 7.26%. In the verification stage, HEC-RAS yielded an absolute PBIAS of 16.09% for DO, compared to 17.97% for QUAL2Kw. Although both models used identical water quality coefficients, their performance differed due to the discretization schemes. HEC-RAS employs the QUICKEST method with the ULTIMATE limiter to suppress numerical oscillations, whereas QUAL2Kw uses a Runge–Kutta 4 scheme without a limiter. These findings indicate that HEC-RAS provides better numerical stability and accuracy, making it more suitable for simulating river water quality, particularly for organic pollutants.</p>

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Evaluation of HEC-RAS and QUAL2Kw from the perspective of numerical approach, study case Cikakembang River

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • D. Yudianto,
  • S. Kent,
  • C. Gao,
  • Q. Wang,
  • F. Fitriana

摘要

Numerical simulation is widely used to support environmental management, yet selecting an appropriate open-source water quality model remains challenging. This study evaluates the performance of two widely used models, HEC-RAS and QUAL2Kw, in simulating water quality in the Cikakembang River. Calibration and verification were conducted using observed data from both the rainy and dry seasons. Model performance was assessed using Percent Bias (PBIAS, %) for three organic parameters: Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Ammonium (NH₄). During calibration, HEC-RAS yielded an absolute PBIAS of 7.87% for NH₄, while QUAL2Kw yielded 7.26%. In the verification stage, HEC-RAS yielded an absolute PBIAS of 16.09% for DO, compared to 17.97% for QUAL2Kw. Although both models used identical water quality coefficients, their performance differed due to the discretization schemes. HEC-RAS employs the QUICKEST method with the ULTIMATE limiter to suppress numerical oscillations, whereas QUAL2Kw uses a Runge–Kutta 4 scheme without a limiter. These findings indicate that HEC-RAS provides better numerical stability and accuracy, making it more suitable for simulating river water quality, particularly for organic pollutants.