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<p>Marine clay deposits along the Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor (VCIC), India, present severe challenges for flexible pavement subgrades due to high plasticity, low strength, and high swell potential. This study investigates the stabilisation of marine clay using Foundry Sand (FS) and Alkali-Activated Geopolymer (AAG) through an integrated experimental and data-driven framework. The untreated soil exhibited poor engineering properties (CBR = 1.34%, PI = 40.77%, DFS up to 95%). Laboratory results identified 10% FS as the optimum mechanical stabiliser, improving compaction and reducing plasticity, but remaining below IRC:37-2018 requirements. The addition of AAG significantly enhanced performance through geopolymerisation. The optimum combination (10% FS + 1.5% AAG) increased CBR to 8.07% (502% improvement), reduced plasticity index by 76.5%, and decreased swell potential by up to 58%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed mineralogical transformation associated with strength gain. Regression and machine learning models achieved high predictive accuracy (R² up to 0.989), while Bayesian analysis indicated a 94.3% probability of meeting subgrade requirements. Pavement design showed a 28.3% reduction in crust thickness and 33% cost savings. The proposed FS–AAG stabilisation offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for coastal infrastructure development.</p>

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Stabilisation of marine clay subgrade with foundry sand and alkali-activated geopolymer: experimental and data-driven assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Sangepu Sai Ram,
  • Pala Niteesh Sai,
  • D. Koteswara Rao,
  • Sugamani Gunta

摘要

Marine clay deposits along the Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor (VCIC), India, present severe challenges for flexible pavement subgrades due to high plasticity, low strength, and high swell potential. This study investigates the stabilisation of marine clay using Foundry Sand (FS) and Alkali-Activated Geopolymer (AAG) through an integrated experimental and data-driven framework. The untreated soil exhibited poor engineering properties (CBR = 1.34%, PI = 40.77%, DFS up to 95%). Laboratory results identified 10% FS as the optimum mechanical stabiliser, improving compaction and reducing plasticity, but remaining below IRC:37-2018 requirements. The addition of AAG significantly enhanced performance through geopolymerisation. The optimum combination (10% FS + 1.5% AAG) increased CBR to 8.07% (502% improvement), reduced plasticity index by 76.5%, and decreased swell potential by up to 58%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed mineralogical transformation associated with strength gain. Regression and machine learning models achieved high predictive accuracy (R² up to 0.989), while Bayesian analysis indicated a 94.3% probability of meeting subgrade requirements. Pavement design showed a 28.3% reduction in crust thickness and 33% cost savings. The proposed FS–AAG stabilisation offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for coastal infrastructure development.