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<p>The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has encouraged the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to reduce cement consumption and improve concrete performance. This study investigates quaternary-blended concrete incorporating fly ash (FA) and natural zeolites, namely scolecite (SCO) and stilbite (STI), through experimental, microstructural, density functional theory (DFT), and machine-learning (ML) approaches. Ten mixtures with varying replacement levels were prepared and evaluated for fresh, mechanical, durability, and non-destructive properties. XRD and SEM analyses were used to examine hydration and microstructural evolution, while DFT analysis was employed to investigate calcium interaction mechanisms within zeolitic structures. Random Forest (RF) and Multi-expression Programming (MEP) models were developed to predict performance. Among all mixtures, AM6 exhibited the best performance, achieving a 28-day compressive strength of 32.64&#xa0;MPa, representing a 16.1% improvement over the control despite using 30% less OPC. AM6 also recorded the lowest water absorption (2.92%), porosity (4.25%), and sorptivity (0.067&#xa0;mm/√s), indicating improved matrix densification. Non-destructive evaluation further confirmed superior quality, evidenced by the highest UPV (4827&#xa0;m/s) and resonant frequency (5.33 × 10<sup>3</sup>&#xa0;Hz). RF consistently outperformed MEP, achieving prediction accuracies up to R<sup>2</sup> = 0.985 and 0.988 for compressive strength and UPV, respectively. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of FA–zeolite synergy for producing sustainable concrete with enhanced performance.</p>

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Quaternary-blended concrete with fly ash and natural zeolites: performance and ML assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Shweta Patil,
  • Aditi Mookherjee,
  • Kiran Sharad Kumbhar

摘要

The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has encouraged the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to reduce cement consumption and improve concrete performance. This study investigates quaternary-blended concrete incorporating fly ash (FA) and natural zeolites, namely scolecite (SCO) and stilbite (STI), through experimental, microstructural, density functional theory (DFT), and machine-learning (ML) approaches. Ten mixtures with varying replacement levels were prepared and evaluated for fresh, mechanical, durability, and non-destructive properties. XRD and SEM analyses were used to examine hydration and microstructural evolution, while DFT analysis was employed to investigate calcium interaction mechanisms within zeolitic structures. Random Forest (RF) and Multi-expression Programming (MEP) models were developed to predict performance. Among all mixtures, AM6 exhibited the best performance, achieving a 28-day compressive strength of 32.64 MPa, representing a 16.1% improvement over the control despite using 30% less OPC. AM6 also recorded the lowest water absorption (2.92%), porosity (4.25%), and sorptivity (0.067 mm/√s), indicating improved matrix densification. Non-destructive evaluation further confirmed superior quality, evidenced by the highest UPV (4827 m/s) and resonant frequency (5.33 × 103 Hz). RF consistently outperformed MEP, achieving prediction accuracies up to R2 = 0.985 and 0.988 for compressive strength and UPV, respectively. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of FA–zeolite synergy for producing sustainable concrete with enhanced performance.