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<p>The outrigger and belt truss system has emerged as one of the defining innovations in the structural design of tall buildings. By linking the central core with perimeter columns, it not only restrains lateral drift but also redistributes overturning moments and enhances resilience under wind and earthquake loading. This review follows the journey of outrigger technology from its early theoretical models and first single-level applications to the wide spectrum of multi-outrigger, damped, and hybrid solutions now available. Evidence from comparative studies shows that single outriggers typically reduce lateral drift by about 30 to 40%, while multiple levels of outriggers can achieve reductions of 40 to 60% along with 20 to 25% savings in material use compared to conventional frames. The introduction of damping devices has further advanced the system, raising effective damping by five to ten times and improving both seismic response and occupant comfort in slender towers. Hybrid systems, which combine outriggers with belt trusses, diagrids, or dampers, are proving equally valuable by balancing architectural flexibility with structural efficiency, in some cases lowering steel demand by 10 to 15%. Recent research emphasizes computational optimization, performance-based design, and sustainability, supported by codified provisions such as IS 16700:2023. Looking ahead, the field is moving toward smart outriggers with adaptive damping, AI-driven placement strategies, and integration into multi-hazard resilience frameworks. Collectively, these advances show how outriggers have evolved from auxiliary stiffeners into multifunctional systems that underpin the safety, serviceability, and sustainability of today’s super tall buildings.</p>

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Evolution and performance of outrigger systems in tall buildings: insights into their mechanics and design

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Saurabh Kasliwal,
  • Santosh Sanap,
  • Sandip Karale,
  • Yogesh Gawande,
  • Rohit Pote,
  • Harshali Gaikwad,
  • Ankita Gaikwad

摘要

The outrigger and belt truss system has emerged as one of the defining innovations in the structural design of tall buildings. By linking the central core with perimeter columns, it not only restrains lateral drift but also redistributes overturning moments and enhances resilience under wind and earthquake loading. This review follows the journey of outrigger technology from its early theoretical models and first single-level applications to the wide spectrum of multi-outrigger, damped, and hybrid solutions now available. Evidence from comparative studies shows that single outriggers typically reduce lateral drift by about 30 to 40%, while multiple levels of outriggers can achieve reductions of 40 to 60% along with 20 to 25% savings in material use compared to conventional frames. The introduction of damping devices has further advanced the system, raising effective damping by five to ten times and improving both seismic response and occupant comfort in slender towers. Hybrid systems, which combine outriggers with belt trusses, diagrids, or dampers, are proving equally valuable by balancing architectural flexibility with structural efficiency, in some cases lowering steel demand by 10 to 15%. Recent research emphasizes computational optimization, performance-based design, and sustainability, supported by codified provisions such as IS 16700:2023. Looking ahead, the field is moving toward smart outriggers with adaptive damping, AI-driven placement strategies, and integration into multi-hazard resilience frameworks. Collectively, these advances show how outriggers have evolved from auxiliary stiffeners into multifunctional systems that underpin the safety, serviceability, and sustainability of today’s super tall buildings.