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<p>The Indian border regions of Manipur and Kashmir have witnessed significant violence perpetrated by both state and non-state actors resulting in severe economic devastation, social unrest, and widespread trauma, instilling a profound sense of fear. Gendered dimensions of this psychological burden and violence against women are frequently observed and normalized in both public and private spheres. This underscores the importance of recognizing women as agents, particularly in militarized societies where women's bodies are often targets of violence. Anchored in the Intergroup Threat Theory, this study delves into the perceptions and experiences of women from these border regions concerning men they classify as belonging to their in-group and out-group. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with women from Manipur (<i>n =</i> 5) and Kashmir (<i>n =</i> 4). Thematic network analysis was employed to analyze the gathered data. The global theme “Men as protectors and persecutors” emerged from the narratives of the Manipuri group, while Kashmiri Muslim women's accounts were centered around their “Relationship with men: ‘better safe than sorry’.” Due to perceived power imbalances between genders, women in these regions impose restrictions on their actions and verbal expressions to prioritize their safety in interactions with men. Meaningful progress can only be achieved through broader socio-political structural changes in these regions.</p>

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Manipuri and Kashmiri Muslim Women’s Perception of Men: Explorations From the Borderlands Using Intergroup Threat Theory

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月19日

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  • Eileen Potsangbam,
  • Farhat Khan,
  • Korsi Dorene Kharshiing

摘要

The Indian border regions of Manipur and Kashmir have witnessed significant violence perpetrated by both state and non-state actors resulting in severe economic devastation, social unrest, and widespread trauma, instilling a profound sense of fear. Gendered dimensions of this psychological burden and violence against women are frequently observed and normalized in both public and private spheres. This underscores the importance of recognizing women as agents, particularly in militarized societies where women's bodies are often targets of violence. Anchored in the Intergroup Threat Theory, this study delves into the perceptions and experiences of women from these border regions concerning men they classify as belonging to their in-group and out-group. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with women from Manipur (n = 5) and Kashmir (n = 4). Thematic network analysis was employed to analyze the gathered data. The global theme “Men as protectors and persecutors” emerged from the narratives of the Manipuri group, while Kashmiri Muslim women's accounts were centered around their “Relationship with men: ‘better safe than sorry’.” Due to perceived power imbalances between genders, women in these regions impose restrictions on their actions and verbal expressions to prioritize their safety in interactions with men. Meaningful progress can only be achieved through broader socio-political structural changes in these regions.