<p>This paper investigates exponential-type operators generated by power functions of the form <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p(x) = x^\alpha \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mi>α</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \in \mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Building upon the framework introduced by May and further developed by Ismail and May, we derive explicit representations for these operators across various ranges of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. While the cases for <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="89" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha = 0, 1, 2, 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and 3/2 were previously addressed in the literature, this work extends the theory by providing comprehensive formulations for <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &gt; 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and remarks on the case <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &lt; 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \in (1,2)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we recover the operators previously studied by Gupta. For <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &gt; 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we express the operators using Wright functions, showing their convergence properties for locally integrable functions. As a collateral result, we provide detailed proof for the computation of the inverse Laplace transform of the function <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="86" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\exp (-a\cdot s^b)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>exp</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>·</mo> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &lt; 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we demonstrate that the operators can be represented using Fourier transforms, though they may lack positivity in some cases. Specific examples are provided for <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha = 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (yielding the Gauss-Weierstrass operators), <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha = 1/2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (yielding operators based on Airy functions), and <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="128" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha = 4m/(4m+1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> where <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41980_2025_995_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m \ge 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is an integer. These new families of operators offer interesting avenues for future research on approximation theory.</p>

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Exponential-Type Operators Generated by Power Functions

  • Adrian Holhoş

摘要

This paper investigates exponential-type operators generated by power functions of the form \(p(x) = x^\alpha \) p ( x ) = x α , where \(\alpha \in \mathbb {R}\) α R . Building upon the framework introduced by May and further developed by Ismail and May, we derive explicit representations for these operators across various ranges of \(\alpha \) α . While the cases for \(\alpha = 0, 1, 2, 3\) α = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , and 3/2 were previously addressed in the literature, this work extends the theory by providing comprehensive formulations for \(\alpha > 2\) α > 2 and remarks on the case \(\alpha < 1\) α < 1 . For \(\alpha \in (1,2)\) α ( 1 , 2 ) , we recover the operators previously studied by Gupta. For \(\alpha > 2\) α > 2 , we express the operators using Wright functions, showing their convergence properties for locally integrable functions. As a collateral result, we provide detailed proof for the computation of the inverse Laplace transform of the function \(\exp (-a\cdot s^b)\) exp ( - a · s b ) . For \(\alpha < 1\) α < 1 , we demonstrate that the operators can be represented using Fourier transforms, though they may lack positivity in some cases. Specific examples are provided for \(\alpha = 0\) α = 0 (yielding the Gauss-Weierstrass operators), \(\alpha = 1/2\) α = 1 / 2 (yielding operators based on Airy functions), and \(\alpha = 4m/(4m+1)\) α = 4 m / ( 4 m + 1 ) where \(m \ge 1\) m 1 is an integer. These new families of operators offer interesting avenues for future research on approximation theory.