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<p>This study presents a satellite-based spatio-temporal analysis of atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH₄), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) across Nigeria from 2019 to 2023, leveraging Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) data processed within the Google Earth Engine (GEE). Spatial statistics (Moran’s I, Getis-Ord Gi*) and correlation analysis were integrated to identify emission hotspots and quantify relationships with socioeconomic drivers. Findings reveal spatially heterogeneous trends: CO fluctuated moderately, peaking at 0.043&#xa0;mol/m² in 2020 before declining to 0.041&#xa0;mol/m² by 2023, suggesting incremental air quality improvements. Conversely, CH₄ concentrations rose steadily from 1,878.17 ppb to 1,924.82 ppb, linked to escalating fossil fuel extraction and agricultural practices. NO₂ exhibited a consistent upward trajectory (0.0000204 to 0.0000240&#xa0;mol/m²) with pronounced hotspots in urban centres (Lagos, Abuja), while SO₂ showed marginal increases (reaching 0.0000063&#xa0;mol/m²), concentrated in the Niger Delta. O₃ levels remained relatively stable throughout the study period. Spatial autocorrelation confirmed significant clustering for all the pollutants (Moran’s I: 0.31–0.51, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed strong relationships between NO₂ and population density (<i>r</i> = 0.78, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and between CH<sub>4</sub> and agricultural land (<i>r</i> = 0.65). The findings underscore Nigeria’s evolving GHGs profile, highlighting the Niger Delta’s dominance in fossil fuel emissions and urban centres’ role in NO₂ pollution. The study recommends targeted policy interventions, including enhanced monitoring in identified hotspots, sector-specific emission controls, and integration of satellite remote sensing into national climate action frameworks to support Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions.</p>

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Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Greenhouse Gases Concentration in Nigeria from 2019 to 2023

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Akinlabi Oluyemi Akintuyi,
  • Emmanuel Omokaro Wunude,
  • Progress Peter Akpan

摘要

This study presents a satellite-based spatio-temporal analysis of atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH₄), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) across Nigeria from 2019 to 2023, leveraging Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) data processed within the Google Earth Engine (GEE). Spatial statistics (Moran’s I, Getis-Ord Gi*) and correlation analysis were integrated to identify emission hotspots and quantify relationships with socioeconomic drivers. Findings reveal spatially heterogeneous trends: CO fluctuated moderately, peaking at 0.043 mol/m² in 2020 before declining to 0.041 mol/m² by 2023, suggesting incremental air quality improvements. Conversely, CH₄ concentrations rose steadily from 1,878.17 ppb to 1,924.82 ppb, linked to escalating fossil fuel extraction and agricultural practices. NO₂ exhibited a consistent upward trajectory (0.0000204 to 0.0000240 mol/m²) with pronounced hotspots in urban centres (Lagos, Abuja), while SO₂ showed marginal increases (reaching 0.0000063 mol/m²), concentrated in the Niger Delta. O₃ levels remained relatively stable throughout the study period. Spatial autocorrelation confirmed significant clustering for all the pollutants (Moran’s I: 0.31–0.51, p < 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed strong relationships between NO₂ and population density (r = 0.78, p < 0.01) and between CH4 and agricultural land (r = 0.65). The findings underscore Nigeria’s evolving GHGs profile, highlighting the Niger Delta’s dominance in fossil fuel emissions and urban centres’ role in NO₂ pollution. The study recommends targeted policy interventions, including enhanced monitoring in identified hotspots, sector-specific emission controls, and integration of satellite remote sensing into national climate action frameworks to support Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions.