<p>Thyroid carcinoma shows a&#xa0;rising incidence, primarily due to improved diagnostics, particularly high-resolution ultrasound during screening. The most common subtype is papillary carcinoma, followed by follicular, medullary, and the rare anaplastic variant. Diagnosis includes thorough history-taking, clinical examination, and testing of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (fT3) / thyroxine (fT4), and calcitonin. Ultrasound using the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System of the American College of Radiology (ACR-TIRADS) classification is essential for malignancy risk stratification. However, in the iodine-deficient area of Middle Europe, specificity of the TIRADS criteria is lower than in iodine-sufficient regions. Scintigraphy is used to rule out autonomous, almost exclusively benign nodules that have higher TIRADS scores in sonography. However, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is standard for sonographic suspicious, non-autonomous nodules only if calcitonin is normal.</p><p>Therapy depends on tumor subtype. Most differentiated carcinomas are treated with total thyroidectomy; lobectomy may suffice for small tumors without signs of metastasis in the cervical lymph nodes. Postoperative radioiodine therapy after a&#xa0;differentiated thyroid cancer targets iodine-avid cells and enables precise monitoring using thyroglobulin afterwards. Medullary carcinoma requires thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection but does not respond to radioiodine. Anaplastic carcinoma is extremely aggressive and demands rapid, multidisciplinary intervention as it is often lethal.</p><p>Follow-up includes tumor marker monitoring, serial neck ultrasounds, and advanced imaging as needed (e.g., whole body scintigraphy).</p>