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<p>Formability assessment of welded joints plays a crucial role in various industrial applications, ensuring structural integrity and performance. In fact, the heat generated from welding affects the metal’s microstructure and mechanical properties, including formability. To address these issues, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is used. In this study, the post-weld heat treatment consisted of tempering was applied on welded butt joints by the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of mild steel AISI 1012 with a thickness of 2&#xa0;mm. After preliminary experiments, three tempering temperatures and three holding durations: 600, 650, and 700&#xa0;°C and 1, 1.5, and 2&#xa0;h were chosen as input parameters for the heat treatment to initially investigate their effect on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the welded joints. The study focused specifically on the effect of these parameters on the formability of the welded joints using tensile, bending, and cupping tests. The results showed that an increase in tempering temperature and duration promoted recrystallization and grain growth in the heat-affected zone as well as in the fusion zone. The findings revealed also that increasing the tempering temperature and duration resulted in improved ductility and formability of the welded joints, while their strength deteriorated. The optimization of PWHT parameters, namely tempering temperature and time, was carried out using the Grey Relational Analysis technique to minimize Yield to tensile ratio and maximize Strain at Break, Bending Strain, and Erichsen Index. As a result of this analysis, the optimal outcome was obtained with tempering at 650&#xa0;°C for 2&#xa0;h. The proposed optimization method successfully enhanced the mechanical properties of the joint, particularly improving its ductility and formability. Specifically, the optimized joint demonstrated a substantial increase in performance compared to the non-treated joint, exhibiting an ≈ 93.6% increase in strain at break, an ≈ 23.8% increase in bending strain, and an ≈ 45.5% increase in the Erichsen index (a key measure of formability). These quantified improvements confirm the significant positive impact of the treatment on the overall joint performance.</p>

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Optimizing post-weld tempering to maximize formability in TIG-welded mild steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月12日

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  • Amine Rahui,
  • Malika Allouch,
  • Mohammed Alami

摘要

Formability assessment of welded joints plays a crucial role in various industrial applications, ensuring structural integrity and performance. In fact, the heat generated from welding affects the metal’s microstructure and mechanical properties, including formability. To address these issues, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is used. In this study, the post-weld heat treatment consisted of tempering was applied on welded butt joints by the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of mild steel AISI 1012 with a thickness of 2 mm. After preliminary experiments, three tempering temperatures and three holding durations: 600, 650, and 700 °C and 1, 1.5, and 2 h were chosen as input parameters for the heat treatment to initially investigate their effect on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the welded joints. The study focused specifically on the effect of these parameters on the formability of the welded joints using tensile, bending, and cupping tests. The results showed that an increase in tempering temperature and duration promoted recrystallization and grain growth in the heat-affected zone as well as in the fusion zone. The findings revealed also that increasing the tempering temperature and duration resulted in improved ductility and formability of the welded joints, while their strength deteriorated. The optimization of PWHT parameters, namely tempering temperature and time, was carried out using the Grey Relational Analysis technique to minimize Yield to tensile ratio and maximize Strain at Break, Bending Strain, and Erichsen Index. As a result of this analysis, the optimal outcome was obtained with tempering at 650 °C for 2 h. The proposed optimization method successfully enhanced the mechanical properties of the joint, particularly improving its ductility and formability. Specifically, the optimized joint demonstrated a substantial increase in performance compared to the non-treated joint, exhibiting an ≈ 93.6% increase in strain at break, an ≈ 23.8% increase in bending strain, and an ≈ 45.5% increase in the Erichsen index (a key measure of formability). These quantified improvements confirm the significant positive impact of the treatment on the overall joint performance.