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<p>Neodymium-doped cobalt-zinc nanoferrite, with compositions of Co<sub>0.2</sub>Zn<sub>0.8</sub>Nd<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>2−x</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (where x varies from 0.00 to 0.025 in increments of 0.005), was synthesized using an innovative citrate gel auto-combustion process. This comprehensive study more precisely examined the crystal structure, morphology, particle size, optical properties, dielectric characteristics, and magnetic behavior of the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis conclusively demonstrated the formation of a robust cubic spinel structure. The calculated crystallite sizes, ranging from 33.467&#xa0;nm to 36.465&#xa0;nm, notably increased with higher Nd³⁺ doping concentrations, highlighting the influence of rare-earth elements on the material’s characteristics. The cation distribution analysis from XRD data reveals a systematic occupancy, with Zn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions residing in the tetrahedral (A)-site, while Fe³⁺, Nd³⁺, and Co²⁺ ions strategically occupy the octahedral (B)-site. The morphology of the ferrites was expertly assessed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), revealing well-defined nanocrystalline particles arranged in layered structures with a porous composition, indicative of superior surface area properties. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) images confirmed the spherical shape of the particles, with a mean diameter of 62&#xa0;nm, emphasizing the uniformity of the synthesized nanoferrite. The observed lattice fringe width in the HRTEM images further validates the existence of a pure spinel phase in the Nd³-doped Co-Zn ferrite. Finally, the Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) image corroborated the peaks identified in the XRD analysis, reinforcing the reliability of the structural findings. The FTIR data compellingly illustrate the successful formation of spinel ferrite, evidenced by two distinctive absorption peaks at 400–424&#xa0;cm⁻¹ and 558–572&#xa0;cm⁻¹. Tauc plots, which were thoroughly analyzed, revealed direct band gaps (Eg) ranging between 3.010 and 3.297&#xa0;eV, underscoring the material’s promising electronic properties. A comprehensive dielectric investigation was conducted using complex impedance spectroscopy across a frequency range of 1&#xa0;Hz to 6&#xa0;MHz. Notably, the real (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1029_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\varepsilon^{\prime\:}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), and imaginary parts y (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1029_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\varepsilon^{\prime \prime\:}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), along with the loss tangent (tan δ) of the dielectric properties, demonstrated a marked decrease with increasing frequency in the synthesized ferric materials. This trend was further corroborated by the observation that AC conductivity increased with frequency, indicating that the conduction mechanism primarily involves small polaron hopping between cations. The complex impedance analysis highlighted significant capacitive and reactive characteristics, revealing how the substitution of Fe ions with Nd³⁺ ions dramatically influences the electrical properties of the synthesized nano ferrites. Magnetic characteristics were rigorously assessed using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), which captured the hysteresis loops of the samples at room temperature. Remarkably, all Nd³⁺-doped samples displayed definitive ferromagnetic behavior, with maximum remnant magnetization values noted for compositions where X = 0.000-0.025. These values ranged impressively from 6.177 emu/g to 12.011 emu/g, indicating a robust single-domain structure within the prepared samples. This research unequivocally highlights the profound potential of Nd³⁺-doped nano ferrites for advanced applications in electronic and magnetic technologies.</p>

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Structural, optical, dielectric, and magnetic properties of Nd3+ doped Co-Zn nanoferrites synthesized by citrate gel auto-combustion method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月5日

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  • Banothu Naresh,
  • N. Hari Kumar,
  • YEKKALA SREENIVAS,
  • K. Susmitha,
  • B. Venkatesh,
  • J. Laxman Naik

摘要

Neodymium-doped cobalt-zinc nanoferrite, with compositions of Co0.2Zn0.8NdxFe2−xO4 (where x varies from 0.00 to 0.025 in increments of 0.005), was synthesized using an innovative citrate gel auto-combustion process. This comprehensive study more precisely examined the crystal structure, morphology, particle size, optical properties, dielectric characteristics, and magnetic behavior of the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis conclusively demonstrated the formation of a robust cubic spinel structure. The calculated crystallite sizes, ranging from 33.467 nm to 36.465 nm, notably increased with higher Nd³⁺ doping concentrations, highlighting the influence of rare-earth elements on the material’s characteristics. The cation distribution analysis from XRD data reveals a systematic occupancy, with Zn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions residing in the tetrahedral (A)-site, while Fe³⁺, Nd³⁺, and Co²⁺ ions strategically occupy the octahedral (B)-site. The morphology of the ferrites was expertly assessed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), revealing well-defined nanocrystalline particles arranged in layered structures with a porous composition, indicative of superior surface area properties. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) images confirmed the spherical shape of the particles, with a mean diameter of 62 nm, emphasizing the uniformity of the synthesized nanoferrite. The observed lattice fringe width in the HRTEM images further validates the existence of a pure spinel phase in the Nd³-doped Co-Zn ferrite. Finally, the Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) image corroborated the peaks identified in the XRD analysis, reinforcing the reliability of the structural findings. The FTIR data compellingly illustrate the successful formation of spinel ferrite, evidenced by two distinctive absorption peaks at 400–424 cm⁻¹ and 558–572 cm⁻¹. Tauc plots, which were thoroughly analyzed, revealed direct band gaps (Eg) ranging between 3.010 and 3.297 eV, underscoring the material’s promising electronic properties. A comprehensive dielectric investigation was conducted using complex impedance spectroscopy across a frequency range of 1 Hz to 6 MHz. Notably, the real ( \(\:\varepsilon^{\prime\:}\) ), and imaginary parts y ( \(\:\varepsilon^{\prime \prime\:}\) ), along with the loss tangent (tan δ) of the dielectric properties, demonstrated a marked decrease with increasing frequency in the synthesized ferric materials. This trend was further corroborated by the observation that AC conductivity increased with frequency, indicating that the conduction mechanism primarily involves small polaron hopping between cations. The complex impedance analysis highlighted significant capacitive and reactive characteristics, revealing how the substitution of Fe ions with Nd³⁺ ions dramatically influences the electrical properties of the synthesized nano ferrites. Magnetic characteristics were rigorously assessed using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), which captured the hysteresis loops of the samples at room temperature. Remarkably, all Nd³⁺-doped samples displayed definitive ferromagnetic behavior, with maximum remnant magnetization values noted for compositions where X = 0.000-0.025. These values ranged impressively from 6.177 emu/g to 12.011 emu/g, indicating a robust single-domain structure within the prepared samples. This research unequivocally highlights the profound potential of Nd³⁺-doped nano ferrites for advanced applications in electronic and magnetic technologies.