<p>In this research, the mass and energy transition through the flow of Carreau hybrid nanofluid incorporating the homo-hetero chemical reactions across a wedge have been reported. The Hybrid nanofluid is fabricated by the dispensation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="91" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left( {MWCNT} \right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">MWCNT</mi> </mrow> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and Aluminium Oxide <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left( {Al_{2} O_{3} } \right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> nanoparticles in the base fluid Ethylene Glycol <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="72" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left( {C_{2} H_{6} O_{2} } \right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mn>6</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The non-Newtonian Carreau fluid model characterizes both features of shear thinning &amp; thickening fluids and so this fluid model remains unique. This study reveals the consequences of dimensionless parameters on the profiles of velocity, temperature, concentration, homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. As, the chemical reactions of Carreau hybrid nanofluid have not been addressed in the previous literature, the present study explores the parameters and their impact. The engineering parameters are captured by incorporating the external effects like magnetic field, radiative heat transport and activation energy with binary chemical reactions, thermophoresis and Brownian motion of nanoparticles which has wide real-world applications. The governing PDEs are transmuted to dimensionless ODEs with suitable dimensionless variables. Shooting technique is adopted to solve the ODEs in MATLAB. The upshots of dimensionless parameters affecting the engineering parameters are discussed through profile graphs and 3D contour plots. This study found that the presence of <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="80" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(MWCNT\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">MWCNT</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Al_{2} O_{3}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> nanoparticles in <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C_{2} H_{6} O_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mn>6</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> significantly boosted the heat transfer rate. Also, it is observed that the <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Al_{2} O_{3}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> nanoparticle shows enhanced heat transfer rate than the <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="80" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(MWCNT\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">MWCNT</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> nanoparticle. The increment of thermal radiation (<InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>R</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) boosted the Nusselt number, while the rise in activation energy (<InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(E\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>E</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) leads to an increase in the concentration profile. The impact of homo-hetero reaction parameters is studied over <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G^{\prime}\left( 0 \right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0</mn> </mfenced> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H^{\prime}\left( 0 \right).\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0</mn> </mfenced> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> The Schmidt Number <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left( {Sc} \right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Sc</mi> </mrow> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> shows peak values in homogeneous reaction. The homogeneous (<InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>K</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and heterogeneous (<InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_1005_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Ks\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Ks</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) reaction parameters show an improving pattern in heterogeneous reaction and the opposite trend is observed in homogeneous reaction.</p>

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Thermal analysis of magnetized Carreau hybrid nanofluid flow with homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions

  • A. S. Ashwinth Jeffrey,
  • M. Shanmugapriya,
  • R. Sundareswaran,
  • P. Senthil Kumar,
  • Gayathri Rangasamy

摘要

In this research, the mass and energy transition through the flow of Carreau hybrid nanofluid incorporating the homo-hetero chemical reactions across a wedge have been reported. The Hybrid nanofluid is fabricated by the dispensation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube \(\left( {MWCNT} \right)\) MWCNT and Aluminium Oxide \(\left( {Al_{2} O_{3} } \right)\) A l 2 O 3 nanoparticles in the base fluid Ethylene Glycol \(\left( {C_{2} H_{6} O_{2} } \right)\) C 2 H 6 O 2 . The non-Newtonian Carreau fluid model characterizes both features of shear thinning & thickening fluids and so this fluid model remains unique. This study reveals the consequences of dimensionless parameters on the profiles of velocity, temperature, concentration, homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. As, the chemical reactions of Carreau hybrid nanofluid have not been addressed in the previous literature, the present study explores the parameters and their impact. The engineering parameters are captured by incorporating the external effects like magnetic field, radiative heat transport and activation energy with binary chemical reactions, thermophoresis and Brownian motion of nanoparticles which has wide real-world applications. The governing PDEs are transmuted to dimensionless ODEs with suitable dimensionless variables. Shooting technique is adopted to solve the ODEs in MATLAB. The upshots of dimensionless parameters affecting the engineering parameters are discussed through profile graphs and 3D contour plots. This study found that the presence of \(MWCNT\) MWCNT and \(Al_{2} O_{3}\) A l 2 O 3 nanoparticles in \(C_{2} H_{6} O_{2}\) C 2 H 6 O 2 significantly boosted the heat transfer rate. Also, it is observed that the \(Al_{2} O_{3}\) A l 2 O 3 nanoparticle shows enhanced heat transfer rate than the \(MWCNT\) MWCNT nanoparticle. The increment of thermal radiation ( \(R\) R ) boosted the Nusselt number, while the rise in activation energy ( \(E\) E ) leads to an increase in the concentration profile. The impact of homo-hetero reaction parameters is studied over \(G^{\prime}\left( 0 \right)\) G 0 and \(H^{\prime}\left( 0 \right).\) H 0 . The Schmidt Number \(\left( {Sc} \right)\) Sc shows peak values in homogeneous reaction. The homogeneous ( \(K\) K ) and heterogeneous ( \(Ks\) Ks ) reaction parameters show an improving pattern in heterogeneous reaction and the opposite trend is observed in homogeneous reaction.