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<p>The flow and heat transfer characteristics of a non-Newtonian Carreau–Yasuda nanofluid in a two-dimensional wavy channel were investigated with cilia motion generating the complex waves. The model incorporates the effects of slip at the channel walls and an inclined magnetic field. The governing equations were rendered dimensionless with appropriate scaling and simplified under the assumptions of long-wavelength and low Reynolds number. The numerical solution is conducted by using the bvp4c method and accuracy cross-checked with NDSolve. The effects of various physical parameters on velocity, pressure gradient, temperature, concentration, streamlines, and thermal lines are analyzed. Results show that increasing slip reduces wall resistance which leads to a smooth flow and reduces pressure gradient. Higher flow rate increases velocity, friction and temperature. The magnetic field enhances heating but hardles in fluid motion. Concentration becomes more pronounced near the upper wall under slip and magnetic effects, while higher power-law index improves fluid stability and uniformity. These findings provide useful insights for designing microscale flow systems influenced by magnetic and biological forces.</p>

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Numerical analysis of non-newtonian nanofluid flow induced by beating cilia in a complex wavy channel under the influence of an inclined magnetic field and slip effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • Abuzar Ghaffari,
  • Muhammad Asif Javed,
  • Komal Naz,
  • Wafa F. Alfwzan,
  • Emad E. Mahmoud

摘要

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of a non-Newtonian Carreau–Yasuda nanofluid in a two-dimensional wavy channel were investigated with cilia motion generating the complex waves. The model incorporates the effects of slip at the channel walls and an inclined magnetic field. The governing equations were rendered dimensionless with appropriate scaling and simplified under the assumptions of long-wavelength and low Reynolds number. The numerical solution is conducted by using the bvp4c method and accuracy cross-checked with NDSolve. The effects of various physical parameters on velocity, pressure gradient, temperature, concentration, streamlines, and thermal lines are analyzed. Results show that increasing slip reduces wall resistance which leads to a smooth flow and reduces pressure gradient. Higher flow rate increases velocity, friction and temperature. The magnetic field enhances heating but hardles in fluid motion. Concentration becomes more pronounced near the upper wall under slip and magnetic effects, while higher power-law index improves fluid stability and uniformity. These findings provide useful insights for designing microscale flow systems influenced by magnetic and biological forces.