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<p>Subgingival microbial biofilm is the primary etiological agent in periodontal disease, necessitating Step 2 professional debridement. This procedure leads to surface alterations on cementum. Earlier studies mainly employed profilometry, interferometry, and confocal microscopy. A few recent studies have utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) separately. However, a knowledge gap persists due to the lack of coherence among existing findings. In this study, SEM images of surface alterations were corroborated with surface roughness parameters obtained using AFM to better characterize instrument-specific root surface alterations. To assess and compare cementum surface alterations, residual calculus, and loss of tooth substance on proximal root surfaces extending from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to 3&#xa0;mm apically in periodontally affected human teeth following Step 2 therapy with either manual universal curettes or a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler. In this in vitro pilot study, six periodontally affected teeth with hopeless prognosis were extracted. 12 proximal root surfaces extending from the CEJ to 3&#xa0;mm apically were marked as the region of interest and were randomly allotted to either Group A: Manual universal curettes or Group B: Ultrasonic scaler. After instrumentation, both AFM and SEM were used to assess root surface alterations. SEM demonstrated linear striations and higher residual calculus (<i>p</i> = 0.02), with no significant difference in loss of tooth substance in Group A. AFM revealed significantly greater surface roughness (Sa, Ra) in Group A (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.02). Ultrasonic scaler produced fewer cementum surface alterations based on combined AFM and SEM analysis.</p>

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Atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope analysis of cementum surface alterations following root planing procedure: an in vitro pilot study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Kavita Verma,
  • R. Saravana Kumar,
  • Pratebha Balu,
  • Jananni Muthu

摘要

Subgingival microbial biofilm is the primary etiological agent in periodontal disease, necessitating Step 2 professional debridement. This procedure leads to surface alterations on cementum. Earlier studies mainly employed profilometry, interferometry, and confocal microscopy. A few recent studies have utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) separately. However, a knowledge gap persists due to the lack of coherence among existing findings. In this study, SEM images of surface alterations were corroborated with surface roughness parameters obtained using AFM to better characterize instrument-specific root surface alterations. To assess and compare cementum surface alterations, residual calculus, and loss of tooth substance on proximal root surfaces extending from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to 3 mm apically in periodontally affected human teeth following Step 2 therapy with either manual universal curettes or a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler. In this in vitro pilot study, six periodontally affected teeth with hopeless prognosis were extracted. 12 proximal root surfaces extending from the CEJ to 3 mm apically were marked as the region of interest and were randomly allotted to either Group A: Manual universal curettes or Group B: Ultrasonic scaler. After instrumentation, both AFM and SEM were used to assess root surface alterations. SEM demonstrated linear striations and higher residual calculus (p = 0.02), with no significant difference in loss of tooth substance in Group A. AFM revealed significantly greater surface roughness (Sa, Ra) in Group A (p ≤ 0.02). Ultrasonic scaler produced fewer cementum surface alterations based on combined AFM and SEM analysis.