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<p>Secure path key establishment in IoT based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) poses a major challenge due to limited node resources and susceptibility to node capture attacks. This study introduces two robust schemes Secure Proxy-Based Path Key Establishment (SPPK) and Secure Friend-Based Path Key Establishment (SFPK) to mitigate the risk of path key exposure. Both schemes employ a matrix-based adversary model to calculate attack coefficients guiding the selection of secure intermediaries. In SPPK a (<i>k</i>, <i>m</i>) threshold, based key fragmentation mechanism is combined with the Fruit Fly Optimization (FFO) algorithm to identify optimal proxies. SFPK leverages friend nodes sharing keys with the destination to securely transmit encrypted key fragments. Comprehensive performance evaluation is conducted based on path compromise ratio, key recovery probability, communication overhead, and security strength. Simulation results show that SPPK reduces key recovery probability by 50% (from 0.80 in PPK-GWO scheme to 0.40) at 100 captured nodes. SFPK further improves robustness showing 5 times decrease in key recovery probability when the number of friend nodes is doubled. Additionally, SFPK achieves 90% security strength with only 45% communication overhead making it more efficient than PPK-GWO having 70% security strength and 60% overhead. The results shows that the proposed SPPK and SFPK schemes offer superior protection against key exposure while maintaining communication efficiency making them highly suitable for secure and scalable deployment in resource-constrained IoT based WSN environments.</p>

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Optimization of keys using fruit fly optimization to mitigate path key exposure problem in IoT-based wireless sensor networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月24日

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  • Rohit Bathla,
  • Priyanka Ahlawat

摘要

Secure path key establishment in IoT based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) poses a major challenge due to limited node resources and susceptibility to node capture attacks. This study introduces two robust schemes Secure Proxy-Based Path Key Establishment (SPPK) and Secure Friend-Based Path Key Establishment (SFPK) to mitigate the risk of path key exposure. Both schemes employ a matrix-based adversary model to calculate attack coefficients guiding the selection of secure intermediaries. In SPPK a (k, m) threshold, based key fragmentation mechanism is combined with the Fruit Fly Optimization (FFO) algorithm to identify optimal proxies. SFPK leverages friend nodes sharing keys with the destination to securely transmit encrypted key fragments. Comprehensive performance evaluation is conducted based on path compromise ratio, key recovery probability, communication overhead, and security strength. Simulation results show that SPPK reduces key recovery probability by 50% (from 0.80 in PPK-GWO scheme to 0.40) at 100 captured nodes. SFPK further improves robustness showing 5 times decrease in key recovery probability when the number of friend nodes is doubled. Additionally, SFPK achieves 90% security strength with only 45% communication overhead making it more efficient than PPK-GWO having 70% security strength and 60% overhead. The results shows that the proposed SPPK and SFPK schemes offer superior protection against key exposure while maintaining communication efficiency making them highly suitable for secure and scalable deployment in resource-constrained IoT based WSN environments.