<p>The cognitive model of depression indicates that cognitive issues have long been considered core influencing factors of depression. Recent studies suggest that rumination play a key role in the formation of depressive symptoms, though the longitudinal relationship between the two remains unclear. This study utilized cross-lagged panel models in three separate samples to examine the bidirectional longitudinal relationships between rumination, its subtypes, and depression across different time intervals. The three samples included Cohort 1, with 313 students assessed three times at 6-month intervals; Cohort 2, with 689 students assessed twice over a 6-month period; and Cohort 3, with 636 students assessed twice over a 1-year period. The results showed that, at a 6-month interval, rumination unidirectionally predicted subsequent depression, while at a 1-year interval, the relationship between rumination and depression was bidirectional. Regarding rumination subtypes, at the 6-month interval, a bidirectional relationship was found between symptomatic rumination and depression. These findings indicate that rumination is a significant influencing factor of depression, and as time progresses, the onset of depressive symptoms may also predict future rumination in individuals.</p>