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<p>Traditional medicinal fumigation is widely practiced in Ethiopia; however, quantitative information on the physicochemical characteristics and emission profiles of commonly used fumigants remains limited. This study characterized two widely used Ethiopian fumigants, <i>Echinops kebericho</i> (KE) and <i>Otostegia integrifolia</i> (TU), through elemental (CHNS), functional group (FTIR), and mineral analyses, coupled with controlled chamber combustion experiments. Differences in emission rates and emission factors between the fumigants were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Elemental analysis indicated a higher carbon content in TU, whereas KE exhibited significantly greater combustion efficiency and oxidation completeness, likely due to its finer porous structure and higher mineral content. Consequently, KE produced significantly higher CO₂ emissions (18730.64 ± 5172.31&#xa0;mg/h; <i>p</i> = 0.0119) than TU (8138.67 ± 3844.61&#xa0;mg/h). Chemical and morphological differences also influenced size-dependent pollutant emissions. TVOC emissions were detected only in KE (15.25 ± 10.98&#xa0;mg/h; <i>p</i> = 0.0075), reflecting its high content of volatile essential oils. Furthermore, KE generated significantly higher PM₁ emission rates (27.81 ± 7.41&#xa0;mg/h; <i>p</i> = 0.0159) than TU (14.52 ± 7.60&#xa0;mg/h). In contrast, no significant differences were observed in PM₂.₅ emissions (<i>p</i> = 0.0952) or formaldehyde (CH₂O) emissions (<i>p</i> = 0.548), likely due to the erratic smoldering behavior and compact fuel-bed geometry of TU. Both fumigants released substantial amounts of respirable particulate matter within ranges reported for solid biomass combustion. These findings provide critical baseline data on fumigant smoke chemistry and establish a scientific foundation for indoor air quality modeling and inhalation exposure assessments.</p>

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Emission characteristics of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from the combustion of Echinops kebericho and Otostegia integrifolia in an experimental chamber

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Seble Kebede,
  • Gudina Legese Feyisa,
  • Gizachew Mern,
  • Mikiyas Abewaa,
  • Kenatu Angassa

摘要

Traditional medicinal fumigation is widely practiced in Ethiopia; however, quantitative information on the physicochemical characteristics and emission profiles of commonly used fumigants remains limited. This study characterized two widely used Ethiopian fumigants, Echinops kebericho (KE) and Otostegia integrifolia (TU), through elemental (CHNS), functional group (FTIR), and mineral analyses, coupled with controlled chamber combustion experiments. Differences in emission rates and emission factors between the fumigants were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Elemental analysis indicated a higher carbon content in TU, whereas KE exhibited significantly greater combustion efficiency and oxidation completeness, likely due to its finer porous structure and higher mineral content. Consequently, KE produced significantly higher CO₂ emissions (18730.64 ± 5172.31 mg/h; p = 0.0119) than TU (8138.67 ± 3844.61 mg/h). Chemical and morphological differences also influenced size-dependent pollutant emissions. TVOC emissions were detected only in KE (15.25 ± 10.98 mg/h; p = 0.0075), reflecting its high content of volatile essential oils. Furthermore, KE generated significantly higher PM₁ emission rates (27.81 ± 7.41 mg/h; p = 0.0159) than TU (14.52 ± 7.60 mg/h). In contrast, no significant differences were observed in PM₂.₅ emissions (p = 0.0952) or formaldehyde (CH₂O) emissions (p = 0.548), likely due to the erratic smoldering behavior and compact fuel-bed geometry of TU. Both fumigants released substantial amounts of respirable particulate matter within ranges reported for solid biomass combustion. These findings provide critical baseline data on fumigant smoke chemistry and establish a scientific foundation for indoor air quality modeling and inhalation exposure assessments.