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<p>The transport and fate of exhaled bioaerosols critically influence respiratory disease transmission. Although impinging jet ventilation (IJV) offered indoor environment control advantages, the transport mechanisms of polydisperse exhaled droplets under different flow conditions (thermally uniform vs. stratified) and their size-dependent response to supply air parameters remained unclear. This study employed the Euler-Lagrange approach to simulate polydisperse droplet transport in IJV environments, quantifying spatiotemporal evolution using droplet number fraction. The results showed that thermal stratification exerted stronger confinement on breathing droplets than coughing droplets. Compared with thermally uniform conditions, suspension fractions increased by 27.7% and 8.3% respectively, indicating higher airborne transmission risk for breathing droplets in thermally stratified IJV. Droplet response exhibited clear size dependence: droplets &lt; 25&#xa0;μm followed airflow-dominated trajectories. 50&#xa0;μm droplets showed parameter insensitivity due to airflow drag-gravity balance. 75–100&#xa0;μm droplets displayed high sensitivity to supply air temperature and humidity within 30&#xa0;s post-release. Notably, 100&#xa0;μm droplets achieved maximum suspension times of 172.2&#xa0;s and 147.3&#xa0;s under high supply air temperature (<i>T</i><sub>s</sub> = 28&#xa0;°C) or low humidity (RH = 30%) conditions, highlighting conditional airborne transmission potential of large droplets. These findings provided theoretical basis for optimizing IJV operating parameters and reducing indoor bioaerosol transmission risk.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effects of Flow Field Conditions and Air Supply Parameters on Exhaled Bioaerosols Transport in an Impinging Jet Ventilation Environment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Zhirong Huang,
  • Ke Zhong,
  • Yanming Kang,
  • Hongwei Jia

摘要

The transport and fate of exhaled bioaerosols critically influence respiratory disease transmission. Although impinging jet ventilation (IJV) offered indoor environment control advantages, the transport mechanisms of polydisperse exhaled droplets under different flow conditions (thermally uniform vs. stratified) and their size-dependent response to supply air parameters remained unclear. This study employed the Euler-Lagrange approach to simulate polydisperse droplet transport in IJV environments, quantifying spatiotemporal evolution using droplet number fraction. The results showed that thermal stratification exerted stronger confinement on breathing droplets than coughing droplets. Compared with thermally uniform conditions, suspension fractions increased by 27.7% and 8.3% respectively, indicating higher airborne transmission risk for breathing droplets in thermally stratified IJV. Droplet response exhibited clear size dependence: droplets < 25 μm followed airflow-dominated trajectories. 50 μm droplets showed parameter insensitivity due to airflow drag-gravity balance. 75–100 μm droplets displayed high sensitivity to supply air temperature and humidity within 30 s post-release. Notably, 100 μm droplets achieved maximum suspension times of 172.2 s and 147.3 s under high supply air temperature (Ts = 28 °C) or low humidity (RH = 30%) conditions, highlighting conditional airborne transmission potential of large droplets. These findings provided theoretical basis for optimizing IJV operating parameters and reducing indoor bioaerosol transmission risk.

Graphical Abstract