Development and Application of Respiratory Pseudovirus Packaging System
摘要
Respiratory viruses, such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2, have triggered numerous global pandemics, resulting in over 10 million deaths. They spread rapidly through the air, where they form bioaerosols that complicate control efforts. While early diagnosis and effective treatments are critical, the high pathogenicity of these viruses impedes research using live pathogens. The purpose of this review is to summarize and critically compare the major pseudovirus packaging systems as important tools for advancing research on respiratory viruses. Pseudoviruses are non-replicative viral particles that mimic the entry process of authentic viruses but are capable of only a single round of infection. Pseudovirus systems provide a safer and more practical alternative for studying highly pathogenic respiratory viruses by simulating viral entry and replication mechanisms without the risks associated with live virus handling. This review summarizes existing pseudovirus packaging systems, compares their advantages and limitataions, The HIV-1 system achieves a titer of 106-107 TU/mL through codon optimization, which is suitable for standardization. For respiratory viruses such as influenza, the HIV-1 pseudovirus system shows a high correlation with live-virus neutralization tests (R² = 0.89). In contrast, the VSV system yields a lower correlation (R² = 0.72), underscoring the superior sensitivity and reproducibility of the HIV-1 platform for vaccine assessment. This work not only provides a selection framework but also promotes the standardization of pseudovirus samples. Such standards facilitate reliable bioaerosol research to model transmission dynamics and assess the effectiveness of public health interventions.