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<p>The Ganga River Basin, a densely populated region in northern India, faces critical air quality challenges due to elevated levels of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>). This study investigate the decadal trends (2011–2021) in PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration and their effect on Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) by integrating satellite-based MERRA-2 reanalysis data with ground-level observations. Seasonal fluctuations were pronounced, with PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels peaking during the pre-monsoon (March–May) and winter (December–February) seasons, reaching as high as 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ µg/m³ in major parts of the basin. Monsoon rainfall (June–September) contributed to a reduction of approximately 50% in PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration, primarily due to wet deposition processes. AOD exhibited a similar pattern, with the highest annual value observed in 2017 (~ 0.8) and a marked decline to ~ 0.5 in 2021, attributed to reduced anthropogenic activity during the COVID-19 lockdowns. A robust correlation (R² = 0.75, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) between PM<sub>2.5</sub> and AOD indicates a significant influence of fine particles on atmospheric clarity. The findings underscore the need for season-specific emission control strategies and the expansion of high-resolution monitoring networks to improve air quality and public health outcomes in the region.</p>

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Decadal Analysis of PM2.5 and its Impact on AOD Over the Ganga River Basin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月22日

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  • Mohd Akbar Ali,
  • Sudhir Kumar Singh,
  • Ram Pravesh Kumar

摘要

The Ganga River Basin, a densely populated region in northern India, faces critical air quality challenges due to elevated levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This study investigate the decadal trends (2011–2021) in PM2.5 concentration and their effect on Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) by integrating satellite-based MERRA-2 reanalysis data with ground-level observations. Seasonal fluctuations were pronounced, with PM2.5 levels peaking during the pre-monsoon (March–May) and winter (December–February) seasons, reaching as high as 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ µg/m³ in major parts of the basin. Monsoon rainfall (June–September) contributed to a reduction of approximately 50% in PM2.5 concentration, primarily due to wet deposition processes. AOD exhibited a similar pattern, with the highest annual value observed in 2017 (~ 0.8) and a marked decline to ~ 0.5 in 2021, attributed to reduced anthropogenic activity during the COVID-19 lockdowns. A robust correlation (R² = 0.75, p < 0.01) between PM2.5 and AOD indicates a significant influence of fine particles on atmospheric clarity. The findings underscore the need for season-specific emission control strategies and the expansion of high-resolution monitoring networks to improve air quality and public health outcomes in the region.