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<p>Window dust (WiD) serves as both a passive indicator of atmospheric pollution and a practical medium for environmental assessment. This study quantified metal concentrations in WiD and assessed the contribution of road dust (RD) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - a rapidly urbanizing megacity representative of many in Southeast Asia. WiD was collected from the 3rd to 7th floors of the University of Science, VNU-HCM, while RD was sampled from nearby streets. Metal concentrations in RD followed the order: Fe &gt; Al &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Pb &gt; Cr &gt; Cu &gt; Ni &gt; As &gt; Cd (0.34–22100&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹), while WiD showed a similar trend with elevated values (2.1-33216&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup>). WiD exhibited enrichment factors 5.4 to 13.7 times higher than RD, especially for Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb. A vertical distribution pattern indicated combined effects of atmospheric deposition and RD resuspension. Health risk assessments revealed ingestion as the primary exposure route. Non-carcinogenic risks (HI) were generally below the threshold (HI &lt; 1), except for Cr in children (HI = 3.4), while carcinogenic risks (TCR) exceeded acceptable limits for Cr, Ni, and Pb. WiD posed greater health risks than RD, particularly for children, highlighting the importance of assessing indoor deposition as a long-term exposure pathway. These findings underscore the utility of WiD as a low-cost, scalable tool for air quality monitoring and risk assessment in urban settings. Given the widespread presence of airborne metals in cities worldwide, this approach can inform public health strategies and urban planning in regions facing similar environmental pressures.</p>

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Metals Composition in Road Dust and Window Dust in University Area: Potential Sources and Health Risk Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月15日

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  • Le Quoc Hau,
  • Minh Tri Truong,
  • Nguyen Thi Thuy,
  • Nguyen Thi Hong Dao,
  • Duc Thanh Nguyen,
  • To Thi Hien,
  • Ly Sy Phu Nguyen

摘要

Window dust (WiD) serves as both a passive indicator of atmospheric pollution and a practical medium for environmental assessment. This study quantified metal concentrations in WiD and assessed the contribution of road dust (RD) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - a rapidly urbanizing megacity representative of many in Southeast Asia. WiD was collected from the 3rd to 7th floors of the University of Science, VNU-HCM, while RD was sampled from nearby streets. Metal concentrations in RD followed the order: Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > As > Cd (0.34–22100 mg kg⁻¹), while WiD showed a similar trend with elevated values (2.1-33216 mg kg− 1). WiD exhibited enrichment factors 5.4 to 13.7 times higher than RD, especially for Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb. A vertical distribution pattern indicated combined effects of atmospheric deposition and RD resuspension. Health risk assessments revealed ingestion as the primary exposure route. Non-carcinogenic risks (HI) were generally below the threshold (HI < 1), except for Cr in children (HI = 3.4), while carcinogenic risks (TCR) exceeded acceptable limits for Cr, Ni, and Pb. WiD posed greater health risks than RD, particularly for children, highlighting the importance of assessing indoor deposition as a long-term exposure pathway. These findings underscore the utility of WiD as a low-cost, scalable tool for air quality monitoring and risk assessment in urban settings. Given the widespread presence of airborne metals in cities worldwide, this approach can inform public health strategies and urban planning in regions facing similar environmental pressures.