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<p>Green grapes (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) are rich in antioxidants beneficial to cardiovascular and cognitive health, yet their postharvest quality rapidly deteriorates due to microbial spoilage and physiological losses. This study presents a novel high-barrier PLA/starch bi-layer packaging system reinforced with succinic anhydride–modified cellulose nanofibers (SA-CNFs) and functionalized with modified lignin nanoparticles (MLNPs) and/or grapefruit flavedo extract (GFE), directly compared against conventional low-density polyethylene (LDPE) packaging and unpackaged controls. Four bi-layer film variants were developed: control (C), MLNPs (F1), GFE (F2), and combined MLNPs + GFE (F3). Grapes stored at 5&#xa0;°C for 15 days were evaluated for weight loss, firmness, acidity, pH, total soluble solids, color, bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, total phenolics, flavonoids), and antioxidant activity (DPPH). F3 films achieved the most pronounced quality retention, reducing weight loss to 15.44%, maintaining firmness at 2.60&#xa0;N, and preserving the highest acidity, TSS (15.85 °Brix), phenolics, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, outperforming LDPE and other bi-layer variants. F2 films showed the best preservation of visual attributes, with minimal color change. The superior performance of F3 is attributed to the synergistic antioxidant and barrier effects of MLNPs and GFE, delivering a sustainable, bioactive alternative to LDPE. This is the first report demonstrating the dual functionalization of high-barrier PLA/starch bi-layer films with MLNPs and GFE for green grape preservation, establishing a potentially scalable, eco-friendly strategy for extending shelf-life and nutritional value of fresh produce.</p>

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Comparative Evaluation of LDPE and Functionalized PLA/Starch Bi-Layer Films with Modified Lignin Nanoparticles and Grapefruit Flavedo Extracts for Extending Green Grape Shelf Life

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Makdud Islam,
  • Akhouri Sanjay Kumar Sinha,
  • Kamlesh Prasad

摘要

Green grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are rich in antioxidants beneficial to cardiovascular and cognitive health, yet their postharvest quality rapidly deteriorates due to microbial spoilage and physiological losses. This study presents a novel high-barrier PLA/starch bi-layer packaging system reinforced with succinic anhydride–modified cellulose nanofibers (SA-CNFs) and functionalized with modified lignin nanoparticles (MLNPs) and/or grapefruit flavedo extract (GFE), directly compared against conventional low-density polyethylene (LDPE) packaging and unpackaged controls. Four bi-layer film variants were developed: control (C), MLNPs (F1), GFE (F2), and combined MLNPs + GFE (F3). Grapes stored at 5 °C for 15 days were evaluated for weight loss, firmness, acidity, pH, total soluble solids, color, bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, total phenolics, flavonoids), and antioxidant activity (DPPH). F3 films achieved the most pronounced quality retention, reducing weight loss to 15.44%, maintaining firmness at 2.60 N, and preserving the highest acidity, TSS (15.85 °Brix), phenolics, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, outperforming LDPE and other bi-layer variants. F2 films showed the best preservation of visual attributes, with minimal color change. The superior performance of F3 is attributed to the synergistic antioxidant and barrier effects of MLNPs and GFE, delivering a sustainable, bioactive alternative to LDPE. This is the first report demonstrating the dual functionalization of high-barrier PLA/starch bi-layer films with MLNPs and GFE for green grape preservation, establishing a potentially scalable, eco-friendly strategy for extending shelf-life and nutritional value of fresh produce.