Purpose <p>Sleep quality is a critical determinant of health and safety among professional truck drivers, a group frequently exposed to irregular work schedules, long driving hours, and unhealthy lifestyle habits. Poor sleep quality in this population has been associated with an increased risk of traffic accidents, chronic diseases, and diminished quality of life. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with poor sleep quality among truck drivers operating on Brazilian highways.</p> Methods <p>An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with 414 truck drivers at five highway service stations in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Data were collected using structured questionnaires assessing sociodemographic, occupational, behavioral, nutritional, and mental health variables. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression.</p> Results <p>Poor sleep quality was observed in 45.9% of participants. Multivariate analysis revealed that being married, identifying as non-white, working irregular shifts, having experienced work-related accidents, excessive coffee consumption, nicotine dependence, psychological distress, and anxiety were significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Conversely, older age and regular physical activity were protective factors.</p> Conclusion <p>Truck drivers in Brazil exhibit a high prevalence of poor sleep quality, influenced by multiple sociodemographic, occupational, behavioral, and psychological factors. Interventions aimed at promoting sleep health and improving work conditions are essential to enhance the well-being and safety of this occupational group.</p>