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<p>This study investigates Pt catalysts supported on H-, F-, O-, and P-doped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> as cathode electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under identical synthesis and testing conditions. Unlike conventional studies that rely primarily on half-cell measurements, this work establishes a direct correlation between half-cell metrics and single-cell PEMFC performance, enabling a realistic evaluation of catalyst behavior. The results demonstrate that catalytic performance is not solely governed by electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), but is strongly influenced by dopant-dependent electronic interactions and metal–support coupling. Although H-doped g- C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-supported Pt exhibited the highest ECSA (128 m<sup>2</sup>gPt<sup>-1</sup>), it delivered the lowest membrane–electrode assembly (MEA) performance. In contrast, P-doped Pt–g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/C achieved the highest PEMFC performance, reaching a maximum power density of 123.2 mWcm<sup>-2</sup> and a mass activity of 2800 mAmgPt<sup>-1</sup> at 0.6&#xa0;V outperforming.This clear discrepancy between half-cell activity and practical fuel cell performance highlights the limitations of conventional electrochemical descriptors in predicting real operating behavior. The findings demonstrate that heteroatom-induced electronic modulation plays a decisive role in determining catalytic efficiency under realistic conditions. Among the investigated systems, P-doped Pt–g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/C exhibits the most favorable balance between electronic properties, structural stability, and practical performance, making it a promising low-Pt cathode catalyst for next-generation PEMFC applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Heteroatom-doped g-C3N4/C-supported Pt catalysts toward Low-Pt cathode applications in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Ömer Şahin,
  • Abdurrahman Akdag,
  • Fatma Elif Genceli Güner,
  • Mehmet Emre Kenar,
  • Arzu Ekinci

摘要

This study investigates Pt catalysts supported on H-, F-, O-, and P-doped g-C3N4 as cathode electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under identical synthesis and testing conditions. Unlike conventional studies that rely primarily on half-cell measurements, this work establishes a direct correlation between half-cell metrics and single-cell PEMFC performance, enabling a realistic evaluation of catalyst behavior. The results demonstrate that catalytic performance is not solely governed by electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), but is strongly influenced by dopant-dependent electronic interactions and metal–support coupling. Although H-doped g- C3N4-supported Pt exhibited the highest ECSA (128 m2gPt-1), it delivered the lowest membrane–electrode assembly (MEA) performance. In contrast, P-doped Pt–g-C3N4/C achieved the highest PEMFC performance, reaching a maximum power density of 123.2 mWcm-2 and a mass activity of 2800 mAmgPt-1 at 0.6 V outperforming.This clear discrepancy between half-cell activity and practical fuel cell performance highlights the limitations of conventional electrochemical descriptors in predicting real operating behavior. The findings demonstrate that heteroatom-induced electronic modulation plays a decisive role in determining catalytic efficiency under realistic conditions. Among the investigated systems, P-doped Pt–g-C3N4/C exhibits the most favorable balance between electronic properties, structural stability, and practical performance, making it a promising low-Pt cathode catalyst for next-generation PEMFC applications.

Graphical Abstract