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<p>This study investigates the surface properties of zirconia fabricated via nano particle jetting (NPJ), a material jetting–based additive manufacturing (AM) technique, and compares them to conventionally milled (CM) zirconia following plasma surface treatment. AM zirconia discs were produced using a 3&#xa0;mol% yttria-stabilized ZrO₂ slurry, while CM discs were prepared from semi-sintered blocks. Both sample types were sintered at 1500&#xa0;°C, ground, and subjected to low-pressure, low-temperature air plasma treatment for 1 or 5&#xa0;min. Initial grain sizes were 0.545 ± 0.211&#xa0;μm for AM and 0.520 ± 0.214&#xa0;μm for CM zirconia, and X-ray diffraction confirmed the preservation of the tetragonal phase after treatment. Surface roughness parameters remained within the nanometer range and were unaffected by plasma exposure. As-built water contact angles were 59.1° ± 8.6° for AM and 58.9° ± 9.0° for CM zirconia, indicating comparable inherent hydrophilicity. Plasma treatment effectively reduced carbon residues and enhanced surface wettability by lowering the contact angles to 14.5° ± 3.1° (AM) and 15.7° ± 2.2° (CM) after 1-min treatment. However, no significant differences were observed with longer treatment durations. The effect was sustained for at least 72&#xa0;h in closed storage but reverted after 2&#xa0;months in ambient conditions. Vickers hardness of AM zirconia was 1298 ± 13 HV1.0, which was lower than that of CM zirconia (1341 ± 8 HV1.0) and plasma treatment had no measurable effect on surface hardness. This is the first study to systematically compare NPJ-manufactured and milled zirconia under standardized plasma conditions. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of NPJ zirconia for dental applications and the potential of plasma surface modification to improve early-stage biological responses through enhanced wettability.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Plasma treatment of dental zirconia produced by nano particle jetting additive manufacturing and conventional milling

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月17日

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  • Bengi Yilmaz Erdemli,
  • Ülkü Tuğba Kalyoncuoğlu,
  • Simel Ayyıldız,
  • Aydin Tahmasebifar,
  • Erkan Türker Baran,
  • Gülçin Akça

摘要

This study investigates the surface properties of zirconia fabricated via nano particle jetting (NPJ), a material jetting–based additive manufacturing (AM) technique, and compares them to conventionally milled (CM) zirconia following plasma surface treatment. AM zirconia discs were produced using a 3 mol% yttria-stabilized ZrO₂ slurry, while CM discs were prepared from semi-sintered blocks. Both sample types were sintered at 1500 °C, ground, and subjected to low-pressure, low-temperature air plasma treatment for 1 or 5 min. Initial grain sizes were 0.545 ± 0.211 μm for AM and 0.520 ± 0.214 μm for CM zirconia, and X-ray diffraction confirmed the preservation of the tetragonal phase after treatment. Surface roughness parameters remained within the nanometer range and were unaffected by plasma exposure. As-built water contact angles were 59.1° ± 8.6° for AM and 58.9° ± 9.0° for CM zirconia, indicating comparable inherent hydrophilicity. Plasma treatment effectively reduced carbon residues and enhanced surface wettability by lowering the contact angles to 14.5° ± 3.1° (AM) and 15.7° ± 2.2° (CM) after 1-min treatment. However, no significant differences were observed with longer treatment durations. The effect was sustained for at least 72 h in closed storage but reverted after 2 months in ambient conditions. Vickers hardness of AM zirconia was 1298 ± 13 HV1.0, which was lower than that of CM zirconia (1341 ± 8 HV1.0) and plasma treatment had no measurable effect on surface hardness. This is the first study to systematically compare NPJ-manufactured and milled zirconia under standardized plasma conditions. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of NPJ zirconia for dental applications and the potential of plasma surface modification to improve early-stage biological responses through enhanced wettability.

Graphical abstract