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<p>This study focuses on assessing the capability of simulating the urban-rural contrast in three cities: Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Porto Alegre. Coordinated 3-year long simulations covering subtropical South America performed with six convection-permitting regional climate models (CPRCMs) at 4&#xa0;km resolution, two simulations performed at 12&#xa0;km resolution and one long-term CPRCM simulation covering the CORDEX South American domain were used. The set of models is characterized by different complexities in the urban canopy treatment; therefore, the impacts of resolution and model complexity are evaluated. All CPRCMs capture warmer, drier and weaker wind conditions over the cities and more intense heat waves, ranging from 0.4&#xa0;°C to 2.1&#xa0;°C for Buenos Aires, 0.3&#xa0;°C to 1.5&#xa0;°C for Porto Alegre and up to 1.9&#xa0;°C for Córdoba, being the observed signal within the simulated range. The 12&#xa0;km runs capture the main urban imprint, albeit with reduced magnitude and spatial detail compared with CPRCMs. The definition of the urban mask emerged as one of the key parameters modulating the characteristics of the simulated urban signal, particularly for smaller cities. For Buenos Aires, with a similar representation of the urban and rural areas from the set of models, complexity on the treatment of the urban canopy improve the simulated intensity of the city signal and capture a non-uniform distribution of the urban signal within the city. These results guide the selection of appropriate model configurations for urban climate studies and inform future efforts to assess climate risks and adaptation needs in rapidly growing South American cities.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p> <p>The graphical abstract provides a succinct and concise overview of the study focused on assessing the capability of a coordinated set of km-scale resolution regional climate models in capturing the main features of the urban vs. rural contrasts in temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and heat waves intensity. The left panel summarizes the study region, the target cities and the modelling approach. The central panel depicts key findings, including an overall assessment of the impact of model complexity and resolution. The right panel refers to the policy relevance of this research by informing on appropriate model configuration needed to tackle urban climate studies for risk assessment and adaptation needs in cities.</p>

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Assessment of Convection-Permitting Simulations in Representing the Urban-Rural Contrasts over Selected Cities in South America

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Silvina A. Solman,
  • Yaiza Quintana,
  • Josipa Milovac,
  • Javier Diez-Sierra,
  • Jesus Fernández,
  • Rosmeri Porfírio da Rocha,
  • Erika Coppola,
  • Josefina Blázquez,
  • Francesca Raffaelle,
  • Sin Chan Chou,
  • Daniela Carneiro Rodrigues,
  • Maria Laura Bettolli,
  • Natalia Zazulie,
  • Andreas F. Prein

摘要

This study focuses on assessing the capability of simulating the urban-rural contrast in three cities: Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Porto Alegre. Coordinated 3-year long simulations covering subtropical South America performed with six convection-permitting regional climate models (CPRCMs) at 4 km resolution, two simulations performed at 12 km resolution and one long-term CPRCM simulation covering the CORDEX South American domain were used. The set of models is characterized by different complexities in the urban canopy treatment; therefore, the impacts of resolution and model complexity are evaluated. All CPRCMs capture warmer, drier and weaker wind conditions over the cities and more intense heat waves, ranging from 0.4 °C to 2.1 °C for Buenos Aires, 0.3 °C to 1.5 °C for Porto Alegre and up to 1.9 °C for Córdoba, being the observed signal within the simulated range. The 12 km runs capture the main urban imprint, albeit with reduced magnitude and spatial detail compared with CPRCMs. The definition of the urban mask emerged as one of the key parameters modulating the characteristics of the simulated urban signal, particularly for smaller cities. For Buenos Aires, with a similar representation of the urban and rural areas from the set of models, complexity on the treatment of the urban canopy improve the simulated intensity of the city signal and capture a non-uniform distribution of the urban signal within the city. These results guide the selection of appropriate model configurations for urban climate studies and inform future efforts to assess climate risks and adaptation needs in rapidly growing South American cities.

Graphical Abstract

The graphical abstract provides a succinct and concise overview of the study focused on assessing the capability of a coordinated set of km-scale resolution regional climate models in capturing the main features of the urban vs. rural contrasts in temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and heat waves intensity. The left panel summarizes the study region, the target cities and the modelling approach. The central panel depicts key findings, including an overall assessment of the impact of model complexity and resolution. The right panel refers to the policy relevance of this research by informing on appropriate model configuration needed to tackle urban climate studies for risk assessment and adaptation needs in cities.