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<p>This study analyzes natural and anthropogenic factors that affected groundwater changes in Somma-Vesuvius aquifer system, by comparing groundwater levels variations, from 1978 to 2022, with water balance, natural outflow, groundwater withdrawals and land use changes.Different trends were observed for Somma and Vesuvius basins: from 1978 to 1994 a decrease in piezometric levels up to 9.90 and 13.60&#xa0;m, respectively, due to the water withdrawals and from 1994 to 2022 a rising piezometric levels was registered up to 13.40 and 13.13&#xa0;m, respectively, due to reduction of pumping and deactivation of some drinking-water well fields. Water balance shows a mean recharge equal to 0.54 m<sup>3</sup>/s and 0.83 m<sup>3</sup>/s for Somma and Vesuvius basin, respectively. Precipitation, actual evapotranspiration and recharge appear changed if compared with previous water balances, due to land-use and climate change effects. The water withdrawals and natural outflow are equal to 0.44 and 0.38 m<sup>3</sup>/s for Somma basin, and 1.18 and 0.47 m<sup>3</sup>/s for Vesuvius basin, respectively. Consequently, if for Somma basin a hydrogeological equilibrium was restored, in agreement with increase in piezometric levels, for Vesuvius basin exists a water deficit still equal to 0.35 m<sup>3</sup>/s, due to high human pressure. The results highlight that continuous multi-parametric monitoring is a decision support tool for improving groundwater management. Furthermore, distinguishing factors that determine changes in volcanic groundwater help enhance surveillance of high-risk volcanic areas.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p> <p>The graphical abstract summarizes natural and anthropogenic factors that affected groundwater changes in Somma-Vesuvius aquifer system by comparing groundwater levels variations, from 1978 to 2022, with water balance, natural outflow, groundwater withdrawals and land use changes.Both the Somma and Vesuvius basins show a decrease in piezometric levels from 1978 to 1994 due to groundwater withdrawals, followed by an increase from 1994 to 2022 after reduced pumping and the deactivation of some drinking-water well fields. The magnitude of these changes differs between the two basins. Recharge, natural outflow and groundwater withdrawals are summarized to illustrate the current water balance for both Somma and Vesuvius basins. The analyses highlight the temporal variability of recharge and outflow processes, showing that while the Somma basin a hydrogeological equilibrium was restored, in agreement with increase in piezometric levels, for Vesuvius basin exists a water deficit still due to high human pressure.</p>

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Groundwater Changes in the Highly Stressed, Urbanized and Active Volcanic System of the Somma-Vesuvius (Italy)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Pasquale Allocca,
  • Silvio Coda,
  • Pantaleone De Vita,
  • Delia Cusano,
  • Nicola Castello,
  • Daniele Lepore,
  • Paola Petrone,
  • Sara Saviano,
  • Stefano Caliro,
  • Rosario Avino,
  • Emilio Cuoco,
  • Alessandro Santi,
  • Vincenzo Allocca

摘要

This study analyzes natural and anthropogenic factors that affected groundwater changes in Somma-Vesuvius aquifer system, by comparing groundwater levels variations, from 1978 to 2022, with water balance, natural outflow, groundwater withdrawals and land use changes.Different trends were observed for Somma and Vesuvius basins: from 1978 to 1994 a decrease in piezometric levels up to 9.90 and 13.60 m, respectively, due to the water withdrawals and from 1994 to 2022 a rising piezometric levels was registered up to 13.40 and 13.13 m, respectively, due to reduction of pumping and deactivation of some drinking-water well fields. Water balance shows a mean recharge equal to 0.54 m3/s and 0.83 m3/s for Somma and Vesuvius basin, respectively. Precipitation, actual evapotranspiration and recharge appear changed if compared with previous water balances, due to land-use and climate change effects. The water withdrawals and natural outflow are equal to 0.44 and 0.38 m3/s for Somma basin, and 1.18 and 0.47 m3/s for Vesuvius basin, respectively. Consequently, if for Somma basin a hydrogeological equilibrium was restored, in agreement with increase in piezometric levels, for Vesuvius basin exists a water deficit still equal to 0.35 m3/s, due to high human pressure. The results highlight that continuous multi-parametric monitoring is a decision support tool for improving groundwater management. Furthermore, distinguishing factors that determine changes in volcanic groundwater help enhance surveillance of high-risk volcanic areas.

Graphical Abstract

The graphical abstract summarizes natural and anthropogenic factors that affected groundwater changes in Somma-Vesuvius aquifer system by comparing groundwater levels variations, from 1978 to 2022, with water balance, natural outflow, groundwater withdrawals and land use changes.Both the Somma and Vesuvius basins show a decrease in piezometric levels from 1978 to 1994 due to groundwater withdrawals, followed by an increase from 1994 to 2022 after reduced pumping and the deactivation of some drinking-water well fields. The magnitude of these changes differs between the two basins. Recharge, natural outflow and groundwater withdrawals are summarized to illustrate the current water balance for both Somma and Vesuvius basins. The analyses highlight the temporal variability of recharge and outflow processes, showing that while the Somma basin a hydrogeological equilibrium was restored, in agreement with increase in piezometric levels, for Vesuvius basin exists a water deficit still due to high human pressure.