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<p>Industrial wastewater from petrochemical and pesticide industries contains persistent chlorophenols like 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), which resist biodegradation and accumulate in aquatic ecosystems, threatening environmental and human health. Developing efficient, sustainable remediation technologies for these toxic pollutants represents a critical environmental challenge. Herein, a three-dimensional PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ heterojunction photocatalyst was fabricated via hydrothermal synthesis and in situ oxidative polymerization for the treatment of 2-CP contaminated waters is reported. The hierarchical composite integrates CaTiO₃ cuboids with conductive polyaniline (PANI) and graphene oxide (GO), narrowing the band gap from 3.50 to 1.27&#xa0;eV and markedly enhancing visible-light absorption and charge separation. Under visible irradiation, PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ achieved ~ 100% 2-chlorophenol removal at the optimum conditions of pH 5, 25&#xa0;mg L⁻¹ initial concentration and 20&#xa0;mg catalyst dose, surpassing the pristine CaTiO₃ and binary PANI/CaTiO₃. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, demonstrated robust performance in tap water and in the presence of common ions, and retained 79.06% efficiency after five application cycles, indicating good stability for realistic water matrices. Radical scavenging experiments and band-structure analysis revealed that photogenerated electrons dominate the oxidation pathway, with holes and hydroxyl radicals playing secondary roles. These results demonstrate that rationally engineered PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ perovskite composite provides an efficient, visible-light-responsive platform for mitigating chlorinated phenols in natural and engineered aquatic environments relevant to the Earth system.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p> <p>This graphical abstract illustrates a sustainable route for the removal of toxic 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in aquatic systems using a lead-free three-dimensional PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ heterojunction perovskite photocatalyst under visible light. On the left, contaminated industrial wastewater effluent containing persistent 2-CP represents the typical effluents from agrochemical and petrochemical activities that conventional treatments struggle to mineralize, posing long-term risks to ecosystems and human health. The central panel depicts the hierarchically engineered PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ heterojunction composite, where CaTiO₃ cuboids are wrapped by conductive polyaniline and graphene oxide networks, narrowing the band gap from 3.50 to 1.27&#xa0;eV and enabling efficient visible-light harvesting. Under visible light irradiation, this architecture achieves nearly 100% removal of 25&#xa0;mg/L 2-CP at pH 5 with a 20&#xa0;mg catalyst dose, following pseudo-first-order kinetics and delivering a four-fold activity enhancement over pristine CaTiO₃. The graphic demonstrates that performance remains high in tap water and in the presence of common ions (Cl⁻, Cu²<sup>+</sup>), and that 79.06% efficiency is retained after five reuse cycles, highlighting stability and practical applicability in realistic water matrices. The right panel emphasizes the environmental significance: by converting chlorinated phenols into less harmful end-products without sludge-intensive steps, the PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ system supports cleaner surface waters, safer aquatic habitats, and progress toward Earth system–relevant, low-energy advanced oxidation processes.</p>

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Facile Design of Visible-Light-Driven Perovskite Heterojunction Nanocomposite for Sustainable Degradation of 2-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • M. S. Lawan,
  • Rajeev Kumar,
  • M. A. Barakat

摘要

Industrial wastewater from petrochemical and pesticide industries contains persistent chlorophenols like 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), which resist biodegradation and accumulate in aquatic ecosystems, threatening environmental and human health. Developing efficient, sustainable remediation technologies for these toxic pollutants represents a critical environmental challenge. Herein, a three-dimensional PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ heterojunction photocatalyst was fabricated via hydrothermal synthesis and in situ oxidative polymerization for the treatment of 2-CP contaminated waters is reported. The hierarchical composite integrates CaTiO₃ cuboids with conductive polyaniline (PANI) and graphene oxide (GO), narrowing the band gap from 3.50 to 1.27 eV and markedly enhancing visible-light absorption and charge separation. Under visible irradiation, PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ achieved ~ 100% 2-chlorophenol removal at the optimum conditions of pH 5, 25 mg L⁻¹ initial concentration and 20 mg catalyst dose, surpassing the pristine CaTiO₃ and binary PANI/CaTiO₃. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, demonstrated robust performance in tap water and in the presence of common ions, and retained 79.06% efficiency after five application cycles, indicating good stability for realistic water matrices. Radical scavenging experiments and band-structure analysis revealed that photogenerated electrons dominate the oxidation pathway, with holes and hydroxyl radicals playing secondary roles. These results demonstrate that rationally engineered PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ perovskite composite provides an efficient, visible-light-responsive platform for mitigating chlorinated phenols in natural and engineered aquatic environments relevant to the Earth system.

Graphical Abstract

This graphical abstract illustrates a sustainable route for the removal of toxic 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in aquatic systems using a lead-free three-dimensional PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ heterojunction perovskite photocatalyst under visible light. On the left, contaminated industrial wastewater effluent containing persistent 2-CP represents the typical effluents from agrochemical and petrochemical activities that conventional treatments struggle to mineralize, posing long-term risks to ecosystems and human health. The central panel depicts the hierarchically engineered PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ heterojunction composite, where CaTiO₃ cuboids are wrapped by conductive polyaniline and graphene oxide networks, narrowing the band gap from 3.50 to 1.27 eV and enabling efficient visible-light harvesting. Under visible light irradiation, this architecture achieves nearly 100% removal of 25 mg/L 2-CP at pH 5 with a 20 mg catalyst dose, following pseudo-first-order kinetics and delivering a four-fold activity enhancement over pristine CaTiO₃. The graphic demonstrates that performance remains high in tap water and in the presence of common ions (Cl⁻, Cu²+), and that 79.06% efficiency is retained after five reuse cycles, highlighting stability and practical applicability in realistic water matrices. The right panel emphasizes the environmental significance: by converting chlorinated phenols into less harmful end-products without sludge-intensive steps, the PANI/GO@CaTiO₃ system supports cleaner surface waters, safer aquatic habitats, and progress toward Earth system–relevant, low-energy advanced oxidation processes.