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<p>This study investigated temporal changes in shallow coral reefs and seagrass coverage along Klaeng District’s coastline in Rayong Province, focusing on the area between Ao Makham Pom Beach and Pak Khlong Tha Krok. Utilizing Landsat OLI satellite imagery from 2015, 2019, and 2023, the research leveraged Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) for analysis. The study highlighted the effectiveness of the MNDWI in identifying water sources. Findings indicate a significant expansion of coral reefs and seagrass coverage, growing from 1.4886 square kilometers in 2015 to 2.3103 square kilometers in 2019, and further to 2.3526 square kilometers by 2023. This increase encompassed a net gain of 0.9972 square kilometers from 2015 to 2019 and an additional 0.4041 square kilometers from 2019 to 2023. The study attributed some of this growth to the reduced human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. A polynomial equation model fitting the observed growth trend suggests a systematic pattern. The research emphasizes the utility of remote sensing methods, particularly MNDWI and Landsat imagery, in monitoring changes in coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems. It highlights the positive influence of decreased human activity on marine habitats during the pandemic, offering insights into future conservation and sustainable management strategies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>This study investigated the temporal changes in shallow coral reefs and seagrass coverage along the coastline of Klaeng District, Rayong Province, specifically between Ao Makham Pom Beach and Pak Khlong Tha Krok. The research utilized Landsat OLI satellite imagery from 2015, 2019, and 2023, analyzed through Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). The MNDWI content was found to be the most effective in highlighting water sources. The findings reveal a significant expansion of coral reefs and seagrass coverage from 1.4886 square kilometers in 2015 to 2.3103 square kilometers in 2019, and further to 2.3526 square kilometers by 2023. This growth included a net increase of 0.9972 square kilometers between 2015 and 2019, and 0.4041 square kilometers between 2019 and 2023. The study posits that the COVID-19 period, marked by reduced human activity, contributed to this expansion. The observed growth trend was also found to fit a polynomial equation model. The research underscores the efficacy of remote sensing techniques, specifically MNDWI and Landsat imagery, for evaluating changes in coral reefs and seagrass meadows. The positive impact of decreased human activity on marine habitats, observed during the pandemic, can inform future conservation plans and sustainable management strategies.</p>

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The Impact of Covid-19 on the Recovery and Growth Dynamics of Shallow-water Corals and Seagrasses in Rayong, Utilizing Landsat Oli and Google Earth Engine for Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Supet Jirakajohnkool,
  • Nutthapol Junkaew,
  • Narakate Pabao,
  • Mantana Muenkaew

摘要

This study investigated temporal changes in shallow coral reefs and seagrass coverage along Klaeng District’s coastline in Rayong Province, focusing on the area between Ao Makham Pom Beach and Pak Khlong Tha Krok. Utilizing Landsat OLI satellite imagery from 2015, 2019, and 2023, the research leveraged Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) for analysis. The study highlighted the effectiveness of the MNDWI in identifying water sources. Findings indicate a significant expansion of coral reefs and seagrass coverage, growing from 1.4886 square kilometers in 2015 to 2.3103 square kilometers in 2019, and further to 2.3526 square kilometers by 2023. This increase encompassed a net gain of 0.9972 square kilometers from 2015 to 2019 and an additional 0.4041 square kilometers from 2019 to 2023. The study attributed some of this growth to the reduced human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. A polynomial equation model fitting the observed growth trend suggests a systematic pattern. The research emphasizes the utility of remote sensing methods, particularly MNDWI and Landsat imagery, in monitoring changes in coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems. It highlights the positive influence of decreased human activity on marine habitats during the pandemic, offering insights into future conservation and sustainable management strategies.

Graphical Abstract

This study investigated the temporal changes in shallow coral reefs and seagrass coverage along the coastline of Klaeng District, Rayong Province, specifically between Ao Makham Pom Beach and Pak Khlong Tha Krok. The research utilized Landsat OLI satellite imagery from 2015, 2019, and 2023, analyzed through Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). The MNDWI content was found to be the most effective in highlighting water sources. The findings reveal a significant expansion of coral reefs and seagrass coverage from 1.4886 square kilometers in 2015 to 2.3103 square kilometers in 2019, and further to 2.3526 square kilometers by 2023. This growth included a net increase of 0.9972 square kilometers between 2015 and 2019, and 0.4041 square kilometers between 2019 and 2023. The study posits that the COVID-19 period, marked by reduced human activity, contributed to this expansion. The observed growth trend was also found to fit a polynomial equation model. The research underscores the efficacy of remote sensing techniques, specifically MNDWI and Landsat imagery, for evaluating changes in coral reefs and seagrass meadows. The positive impact of decreased human activity on marine habitats, observed during the pandemic, can inform future conservation plans and sustainable management strategies.