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<p>Smallholder farmers are severely threatened by climate change and variability, particularly those who rely on rain-fed agriculture in tropical regions. In this study, the Integrated Livelihood Vulnerability Index (ILVI) and the Livelihood Vulnerability Index-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (LVI-IPCC) frameworks were used to examine the vulnerability of coffee-growing households in the Kafa Biosphere Reserve (KBR), southwest Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was used to survey 398 households in the three agroecological zones (highland, midland, and lowland). Household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations were utilized to collect primary data. The vulnerability assessment was calculated using eight LVI and LVI-IPCC indicators: agriculture, climate, ecosystem, technology, wealth, infrastructure, community, and social networks. The results show that the lowland agroecological zone (AEZ) is the most vulnerable area (LVI–IPCC = 0.196), due to its high climate exposure, damaged ecosystems, unpredictable coffee production, and less adaptive capacity. On the other hand, the Midland AEZ was the least vulnerable (LVI–IPCC=-0.084), owing to its higher infrastructure, wealth, and community support (adaptive capacity = 0.696). At the same time, highland AES shows modest resilience (LVI–IPCC=-0.045). The moderate vulnerability of the highland AEZ is due to intermediate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capability. These findings demonstrate the critical necessity for concerted adaptation plans and lowland-oriented actions to increase the smallholder farmers’ capacity to withstand the increasing dangers of climate change.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>This is a visual overview that serves as a pivotal entry point into the research, offering a concise summary of the study’s core findings and methodologies. This study assessed the vulnerability of coffee farming households to climate change in the Kafa Biosphere Reserve, southwest Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling was employed to survey 398 households in three agroecological zones (AEZs) (lowland, midland, and highland). In addition to household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observations were used to collect primary data. The IPCC’s exposure-sensitivity-adaptive capacity model and the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) were combined into an integrated framework to assess the vulnerability of smallholder farmers. Both LVI and the Livelihood Vulnerability Index-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (LVI–IPCC) scores were computed using eight overall vulnerability profiles, which include agriculture, climate, ecosystem, wealth, technology, infrastructure, community, and social networks. The results show that the lowland AEZ was the most vulnerable (LVI–IPCC: 0.196). On the other hand, the midland AEZ showed the least vulnerability (LVI–IPCC=-0.084), and the highland AEZ demonstrated modest vulnerability (LVI–IPCC=-0.045). The study presents a data-driven vulnerability index for coffee areas and recommends targeted adaptation, particularly in low-lying areas, through enhanced infrastructure, financial support, technology, and community engagement.</p>

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Coffee Farming Households Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Kafa Biosphere Reserve, Ethiopia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月4日

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  • Amare Amsalu,
  • Weyessa Garedew,
  • Girma Alemu Melka,
  • Aqil Tariq,
  • Dessalegn Obsi Gemeda

摘要

Smallholder farmers are severely threatened by climate change and variability, particularly those who rely on rain-fed agriculture in tropical regions. In this study, the Integrated Livelihood Vulnerability Index (ILVI) and the Livelihood Vulnerability Index-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (LVI-IPCC) frameworks were used to examine the vulnerability of coffee-growing households in the Kafa Biosphere Reserve (KBR), southwest Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was used to survey 398 households in the three agroecological zones (highland, midland, and lowland). Household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations were utilized to collect primary data. The vulnerability assessment was calculated using eight LVI and LVI-IPCC indicators: agriculture, climate, ecosystem, technology, wealth, infrastructure, community, and social networks. The results show that the lowland agroecological zone (AEZ) is the most vulnerable area (LVI–IPCC = 0.196), due to its high climate exposure, damaged ecosystems, unpredictable coffee production, and less adaptive capacity. On the other hand, the Midland AEZ was the least vulnerable (LVI–IPCC=-0.084), owing to its higher infrastructure, wealth, and community support (adaptive capacity = 0.696). At the same time, highland AES shows modest resilience (LVI–IPCC=-0.045). The moderate vulnerability of the highland AEZ is due to intermediate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capability. These findings demonstrate the critical necessity for concerted adaptation plans and lowland-oriented actions to increase the smallholder farmers’ capacity to withstand the increasing dangers of climate change.

Graphical Abstract

This is a visual overview that serves as a pivotal entry point into the research, offering a concise summary of the study’s core findings and methodologies. This study assessed the vulnerability of coffee farming households to climate change in the Kafa Biosphere Reserve, southwest Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling was employed to survey 398 households in three agroecological zones (AEZs) (lowland, midland, and highland). In addition to household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observations were used to collect primary data. The IPCC’s exposure-sensitivity-adaptive capacity model and the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) were combined into an integrated framework to assess the vulnerability of smallholder farmers. Both LVI and the Livelihood Vulnerability Index-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (LVI–IPCC) scores were computed using eight overall vulnerability profiles, which include agriculture, climate, ecosystem, wealth, technology, infrastructure, community, and social networks. The results show that the lowland AEZ was the most vulnerable (LVI–IPCC: 0.196). On the other hand, the midland AEZ showed the least vulnerability (LVI–IPCC=-0.084), and the highland AEZ demonstrated modest vulnerability (LVI–IPCC=-0.045). The study presents a data-driven vulnerability index for coffee areas and recommends targeted adaptation, particularly in low-lying areas, through enhanced infrastructure, financial support, technology, and community engagement.