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<p>The bioavailability of metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, and Ni) in mangrove sediment cores (TK1, TK2 and TK3), and their bioaccumulation in edible bivalves were assessed to evaluate metal toxicity in the Terekhol Estuary. The sediments of the Terekhol estuary were found to be enriched in Fe, Mn (TK2), Zn, Cu, Co and Ni when compared with the upper crustal average, that revealed anthropogenic input of metals such as domestic waste and scraping of paint particles from fishing trawlers. The Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) revealed moderate to strong pollution level of Zn, Cu, Co and Ni. Also, the Contamination Factor (CF) highlighted moderate to very high metal contamination. The fractions, Fe-Mn oxides/hydroxides and organic matter/sulphide held a significant proportion of bioavailable metals in sediment acting as key intermediaries in geochemical cycling and mobilization of metals. The Screening Quick Reference Table (SQUIRT) displayed toxicity of Co to fauna, while Risk Assessment Code (RAC) revealed risk of Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni. The bivalves (<i>Magallana cuttackensis</i>, <i>Saccostrea cucullata</i> and <i>Polymesoda erosa</i>) exhibited strong affinity towards Fe and Zn due to their critical roles in protein synthesis, shell formation, metalloenzyme activity, biomineralization processes and oxygen transport. <i>Avicennia officinalis</i>, <i>Avicennia marina</i>, <i>Sonneratia alba</i>, and <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> exhibited high retention of Fe and Mn. Also, the Translocation Factor (TF) was &gt; 1 for Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni. It disclosed the potential of phytoextraction of these mangroves, which can reduce metal contamination in the Terekhol Estuary.</p>

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Analysing Metal Bioavailability in Intertidal Sediments, Bioaccumulation Patterns in Bivalves and the Phytoremediation Efficacy of Mangroves in a Tropical Estuary, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Ceana Mary Fernandes,
  • Maheshwar Ramakant Nasnodkar

摘要

The bioavailability of metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, and Ni) in mangrove sediment cores (TK1, TK2 and TK3), and their bioaccumulation in edible bivalves were assessed to evaluate metal toxicity in the Terekhol Estuary. The sediments of the Terekhol estuary were found to be enriched in Fe, Mn (TK2), Zn, Cu, Co and Ni when compared with the upper crustal average, that revealed anthropogenic input of metals such as domestic waste and scraping of paint particles from fishing trawlers. The Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) revealed moderate to strong pollution level of Zn, Cu, Co and Ni. Also, the Contamination Factor (CF) highlighted moderate to very high metal contamination. The fractions, Fe-Mn oxides/hydroxides and organic matter/sulphide held a significant proportion of bioavailable metals in sediment acting as key intermediaries in geochemical cycling and mobilization of metals. The Screening Quick Reference Table (SQUIRT) displayed toxicity of Co to fauna, while Risk Assessment Code (RAC) revealed risk of Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni. The bivalves (Magallana cuttackensis, Saccostrea cucullata and Polymesoda erosa) exhibited strong affinity towards Fe and Zn due to their critical roles in protein synthesis, shell formation, metalloenzyme activity, biomineralization processes and oxygen transport. Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris exhibited high retention of Fe and Mn. Also, the Translocation Factor (TF) was > 1 for Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni. It disclosed the potential of phytoextraction of these mangroves, which can reduce metal contamination in the Terekhol Estuary.