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<p>The escalating demand for fuel efficiency, driven by the proliferation of vehicles, has intensified efforts to enhance diesel engine performance while addressing stringent emission regulations, particularly in freight transportation where diesel engines remain prevalent. Extensive research by manufacturers and academics has explored nanomaterial additives to mitigate emissions; however, the integration of biodiesel with diesel fuel has received limited attention. This study investigates the impact of borax decahydrate as a fuel additive in a 4-stroke diesel engine by blending Spirulina biodiesel with diesel fuel, employing multi-objective optimization (NSGA II) and predictive modeling. Borax decahydrate was uniformly dissolved in the biodiesel, and five fuel blends were prepared: 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel (SB10), 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel + 1&#xa0;g borax decahydrate (SB10B1), 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel + 3&#xa0;g borax decahydrate (SB10B3), 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel + 5&#xa0;g borax decahydrate (SB10B5), and 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel + 7&#xa0;g borax decahydrate (SB10B7). Experimental results from 72 runs across four load conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) revealed that SB10B3 achieved a peak brake thermal efficiency of 34% at 75% load, attributed to better oxidation and reduced incomplete combustion products, while exhibiting lower brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) than diesel across all loads. The nanoparticle-enhanced blends demonstrated reduced CO and CO2 emissions compared to diesel, owing to an oxygen content 8% to 9% higher, with SB10B3 recording the lowest carbon monoxide levels. These findings, supported by predictive modeling, underscore SB10B3 as an optimal blend, though elevated NOx emissions (up to 1400 PPM) highlight the need for further optimization.</p>

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Novel Borax Decahydrate Nanomaterials in Spirulina Biodiesel-Diesel Blends: NSGA-II Optimization of Direct Injection CI Engine Performance and Emissions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Ravi Prakash Singh,
  • Puneet Singh Gautam,
  • Sanjeev Singh

摘要

The escalating demand for fuel efficiency, driven by the proliferation of vehicles, has intensified efforts to enhance diesel engine performance while addressing stringent emission regulations, particularly in freight transportation where diesel engines remain prevalent. Extensive research by manufacturers and academics has explored nanomaterial additives to mitigate emissions; however, the integration of biodiesel with diesel fuel has received limited attention. This study investigates the impact of borax decahydrate as a fuel additive in a 4-stroke diesel engine by blending Spirulina biodiesel with diesel fuel, employing multi-objective optimization (NSGA II) and predictive modeling. Borax decahydrate was uniformly dissolved in the biodiesel, and five fuel blends were prepared: 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel (SB10), 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel + 1 g borax decahydrate (SB10B1), 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel + 3 g borax decahydrate (SB10B3), 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel + 5 g borax decahydrate (SB10B5), and 90% diesel + 10% Spirulina biodiesel + 7 g borax decahydrate (SB10B7). Experimental results from 72 runs across four load conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) revealed that SB10B3 achieved a peak brake thermal efficiency of 34% at 75% load, attributed to better oxidation and reduced incomplete combustion products, while exhibiting lower brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) than diesel across all loads. The nanoparticle-enhanced blends demonstrated reduced CO and CO2 emissions compared to diesel, owing to an oxygen content 8% to 9% higher, with SB10B3 recording the lowest carbon monoxide levels. These findings, supported by predictive modeling, underscore SB10B3 as an optimal blend, though elevated NOx emissions (up to 1400 PPM) highlight the need for further optimization.