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<p>Upgrading of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in developing countries helps protect the environment, improve public health, and support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 6, 7, and 13). Upgrading existing waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is essential to enhance effluent quality, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and minimize energy consumption. In this study, the upgrading of the Poldokhtar WSP using baffles and aerated rock filter (ARF) was compared with the modified Ludzack–Ettinger (MLE) process through GPS-X modeling. The comparison focused on effluent quality, GHG emissions, energy consumption, and both capital and operating costs. The simulation results demonstrated that upgrading the WSP with baffles and ARF provides an effluent quality comparable to that of the MLE process, meeting the discharge standards for surface water bodies. The removal efficiencies were COD (93.2%), TSS (95.4%), NH<sub>4</sub>–N (99%), TN (77.3%), and TP (40.3%). Based on the modeling results, the upgraded WSP achieved GHG emissions of 0.31 kg CO₂e/m<sup>3</sup> and energy consumption of 0.26 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>, compared with 0.40 kg CO₂e/m<sup>3</sup> and 0.6 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, for the MLE process. Moreover, the treatment cost of the upgraded WSP (0.049 USD/m<sup>3</sup>) was lower than that of the MLE process (0.078 USD/m<sup>3</sup>) based on the modeling results. Overall, upgrading WSPs with baffles and ARF reduced GHG emissions and energy consumption by approximately 22.5 and 57%, respectively, compared to the MLE process. These findings suggest that the use of baffles and ARF can be considered a potentially cost-effective and environmentally sustainable option for upgrading WSPs in developing countries, while meeting effluent discharge standards.</p>

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Waste Stabilization Pond Upgrading with Baffles and Aerated Rock Filter Versus the MLE Process: Effluent Quality, GHG Emissions, and Energy Consumption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Mitra Hosseini Nazhvani,
  • Shima Mardani

摘要

Upgrading of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in developing countries helps protect the environment, improve public health, and support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 6, 7, and 13). Upgrading existing waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is essential to enhance effluent quality, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and minimize energy consumption. In this study, the upgrading of the Poldokhtar WSP using baffles and aerated rock filter (ARF) was compared with the modified Ludzack–Ettinger (MLE) process through GPS-X modeling. The comparison focused on effluent quality, GHG emissions, energy consumption, and both capital and operating costs. The simulation results demonstrated that upgrading the WSP with baffles and ARF provides an effluent quality comparable to that of the MLE process, meeting the discharge standards for surface water bodies. The removal efficiencies were COD (93.2%), TSS (95.4%), NH4–N (99%), TN (77.3%), and TP (40.3%). Based on the modeling results, the upgraded WSP achieved GHG emissions of 0.31 kg CO₂e/m3 and energy consumption of 0.26 kWh/m3, compared with 0.40 kg CO₂e/m3 and 0.6 kWh/m3, respectively, for the MLE process. Moreover, the treatment cost of the upgraded WSP (0.049 USD/m3) was lower than that of the MLE process (0.078 USD/m3) based on the modeling results. Overall, upgrading WSPs with baffles and ARF reduced GHG emissions and energy consumption by approximately 22.5 and 57%, respectively, compared to the MLE process. These findings suggest that the use of baffles and ARF can be considered a potentially cost-effective and environmentally sustainable option for upgrading WSPs in developing countries, while meeting effluent discharge standards.